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101 | The article deals with a game klyok (kind of pyzh, gorodki) in the Mari gaming culture. We consider the area of term klyok according to earlier sources and contemporary records. In Mari language klyok seems borrowing from Russian dialects. Further etymology points to the North-Caucasian origin of it; original forms (Chechen ģhulģ , Ingush ģholģ, Abaza qual, Ossetian qul I and ğolæ D) means «the dice». The fact that this term is moved onto the wooden ryuhu, plastic bottle finds genetic link of Russian and Finno-Ugric games like klyok with games of the Turkic and Caucasian peoples (with dices), reflects the processes and areas of ethnic interaction. Keywords: folk games, Mari games, meaningless words, Finno-Ugric languages, Russian dialects, borrowing, ethnic interaction | 1028 | |||||
102 | The article studies phonetic peculiarities of Tuvan pharyngealized vowels in the speech of Tuvan reindeer herders living in Tsagaan-Nuur, Mongolia. The study analyzes acoustical processes in word stems, in the grammatical forms of words of Tuvan reindeer herders and compares them with their equivalents (with pharyngealized vowels) in the Tuvan literary language. Also the Tofalar language and other Tuvan dialects were used to compare them. There were reviewed linguistic units with sound combinations “nonpharyngealized vowel with a strong aspirate”, “nonpharyngealized vowel with medial intervocalic-pharyngeal [h]”, “nonpharyngealized vowel with postvocal aspirated consonant with overtones [h] in excursus”. Keywords: tuvan language, speech of Tuvan reindeer-breeders, pharyngealized vowels, nonfaringalizied vowels, strong aspirated consonants, postvocalic consonants, medial-intervocalic consonants, intervocalic consonants, aspirated consonants | 1026 | |||||
103 | Many Siberian scientists are of great interest to the problem of determining the ethnic affiliation of such groups of the Russian population as “moskals” and “Ukrainians”. Under these ethnonyms in ethnographic literature was understood Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian population. A number of researchers came to the conclusion that the ethnonym “Ukrainians” can be used, not only in relation to the Siberian Ukrainians, but also Russians, natives of the southern Russian villages living on response with Ukrainians and allocated to the special language features of culture. The ethnonym “Katsap” was probably used in relation to the Russian immigrants from the southern Russian provinces. The article presents a brief overview of the data obtained in 2013 as a result of historical and ethnographic expedition to Kamensky district of the Altai Territory. The descendants of immigrants of Kursk, defining their ethnicity called themselves “ordinary Ukrainians”, noting the great similarity in the material and spiritual culture of Ukrainians. Descendants of Russian old residents and migrants from other southern provinces called them the “moskals”. The main attention is paid to differential factors and markers that distinguish a group of descendants of immigrants of Kursk from Russian and Ukrainian (language, eating habits). Keywords: Altai, Russian, moskals, Ukrainians, ethnicity, identity | 1025 | |||||
104 | This article was prepared on the basis of the literature, the museum sources and field data collected by the author in 2003 and 2010–2013 in Anadyr, the Anadyr and Chukotian regions of the Chukotian autonomous okrug. The aim of the article is to characterize the sacred and highly revered heirlooms and ritual objects used during the traditional ceremonies of the nomadic and coastal Chukchi groups. In the article we also present the records of the informants who watched traditional ceremonies or were directly involved in them. In this paper we do not consider the manufacture and application of the ritual objects in the funeral rites of the Chukchi. Knowledge of the sacred objects are well preserved in the modern indigenous peoples of Chukotka although the most complete information about the traditional cults possess people who spent their childhood and most of his life in the tundra, in nomad camps surrounded by older relatives and traditional language environment. Keywords: Indigenous peoples of Chukotka, spiritual culture, traditional beliefs, sacred objects, heirlooms | 1022 | |||||
105 | The paper concerns argument structure of causative verbs in Tundra Nenets and Forest Nenets. Special attention is paid to marking of the initial subject of a non-causative construction. Changing of syntactic status of predicate’s arguments in course of causativization meets expectations and conforms to B. Comrie’s generalization known as “paradigm case”. According to it, the causee (initial subject) is demoted to the highest free position at the grammatical relations hierarchy. The basic ingestive verb (‘eat’) is of interest because it is transitive in the Nenets languages and does not admit omission of its direct object. However, it is causativized as if it were intransitive. Short comments on syntax of an analytic causative construction are also made. Keywords: Tundra Nenets, Forest Nenets, causative, argument structure, ingestive verbs | 1020 | |||||
106 | The language of the Chulym Turks is local only to some territories of the Tomsk region and the Krasnoyarsk territory. Recent surveys indicate the number of fluent speakers to be under fifteen. Chulym Turkic still bears the status of a colloquial tongue. Several attempts have been made to create a writing system of the language (though the language itself presently consists of two sub-dialects, each with unique phonemic fluctuation). This paper addresses problems occurring at creating methodic materials in Chulym Turkic and, above all, connected with the phonemic variations in the Chulym Turkic language that lead to difficulties in compiling a dictionary of the consultants’ mother tongue (Chulym Turkic). Such variations occur, on the one hand, due to the widespread tendency of phoneme reduction in an unstressed position and at the word end; on the other hand, they occur under the laws of the phoneme alternation range in the conditions of a language system not ultimately formed. Keywords: the Chulym Turkic language, phonemic invariant, writing system | 1014 | |||||
107 | A characteristic feature of Northern Samoyedic is the referential, non-possessive use of second person possessive suffixes (further PX.2P) as a means of encoding topics. Although the importance of this feature for information structure is relatively well understood, the interaction of information structure with syntax has not received sufficient attention in prior research; the central aim of this study is to shed light on the structure of the noun phrase that hosts the referential PX. The investigation is a qualitative follow-up study of a prior investigation on the function and use of the PX.2P in the indigenous languages of the Taimyr Peninsula (Siegl in print). As the data of this study demonstrates, Northern Samoyedic languages display uniform structural behavior in their morphosyntactic realization of PX.2P marked noun phrases, in both verbal and non-verbal predication. Furthermore, topic marking in two languages of the same area, Dolgan and Taimyr Pidgin Russian, will be briefly examined too. Keywords: Northern Samoyedic languages, Dolgan, Taimyr Pidgin Russian, definiteness, possessive suffixes, information structure, noun phrase | 1014 | |||||
108 | The paper discusses the key issues of the annotation method employed in the project “Lingustically annotated spoken Nganasan corpus”. The data are processed and stored in the EXMARaLDA format. The annotation of the database involves grammatical and part-of-speech tagging (made in Toolbox or Flex), translation into Russian and English. However, the present paper addresses the questions of syntactic roles, and information structure. For this purpose we use the format designed by other researchers and adapted by us to the Nganasan language. In the paper we describe the system of annotation (tags, terms and their clarification) illustrated by a large amount of Nganasan examples. Keywords: Nganasan, annotation, corpus, endangered language, language documentation | 1012 | |||||
109 | After completion of the Soviet-Polish war and the conclusion of the Riga peace treaty the exchange of prisoners of war began. For the control of the process of repatriation to Siberia there arrived the representation of the Mixed commission as a part of the Polish and Russian-Ukrainian delegations. All prisoners had to be subject to mandatory registration. A special commission of the Soviet leaders of Polish origin had set belonging to Polish nationality of persons who had no documents. Re-evacuation took place in difficult conditions of post-war time: lack of material resources, bad work of railway transport and epidemic of typhus. Politics of Soviet power which wasn't interested in mass departure of Poles to motherland became a serious obstacle for re-evacuation of prisoners of war. Soviet officials refused to dismiss service professionals, as well as returnees who were involved in the forced labor. Violations of provisions of the Agreement on repatriation from the Soviet power were explained by ideological approach. According to the opinion of members of the Soviet government potential agents of the Soviet power had to return to Poland and class enemies had to remain in Russia. Keywords: The Riga peace treaty, repatriation, Polish prisoners of war | 1012 | |||||
110 | On the basis of author's field materials and church rules of the Kormchy book, the paper deals with the subject of matrimonial relations at conservative-bespopovtsy (pomorets) living in the Ust-Tsilemsky district of the Komi Republic. The paper describes the analysis of local terminology describing male and female genitals, the variability of designations of coition which was defined by peasant understanding about process from a position of estimated judgment as an "just" and "injust" business; the traditional poetry of fostering of children contacting identification of a floor and "opening" of genitals of babies. Special attention is paid to the birth of illegitimate children which was explained by ignoring by conservatives of church wedding, compared to defilement of life, being considered as immeasurably great sin, than carnal intercourse in "anti-christian time". Keywords: Russians, Old Believers, matrimonial relations, fostering of children, illegitimate children, rites | 1011 | |||||
111 | The paper is aimed at reconstructing one episode of the Selkup family’s life captured by a photograph one hundred years ago. The analysis is based on photographs of the Selkups from the Tym River taken by the renowned Finnish scholar Kai Donner in 1912, and from the records of parish registers of XIX–XX centuries. During his tour of Siberia in 1911–1914, K. Donner reached Kalguak yurts down the Ob river, then went to Napas up the Tym River and got to Makovskoye village down the Ket river. He also made a number of other short-term trips to Siberian towns and settlements of indigenous minorities. The scientist collected extensive materials on ethnography and linguistics of indigenous peoples of Siberia.We present the possibilities of implementing the method of reconstructing the sequence of the events based on the episode of the life of a wellknown Selkup shaman family of Karlyguin from the Tym river. The contemporary world with the advancing globalization steadily destroys unique cultures of indigenous minorities. Therefore, materials of ethnographic expeditions from previous centuries are becoming increasingly important and valuable. Keywords: Kai Donner, the Selkups, the Karlygin’s family, photographs, records from parish registers | 1010 | |||||
112 | In the proposed paper the author makes another come-back to the issue of Kets origin or, wider – Yenisseic people, the questions that was addressed to themselves by the XVIII century scholars and which is being asked by the XXI century scholars, there are many anticipations, but the Kets are still a mystery, nevertheless, we, of course know more about them nowadays, than the past centuries scholars. Especially we enriched our knowledge on them beginning from the second half of the XX century, mostly like due to works of outstanding scientists E. A. Alekseenko, A. P. Dulzon and E. A. Kreinovitch. The main interesting regarding their ancient genetic relations currently seem to be Sino-Tibetan and Dene-Yenisseic hypothesis, based on linguistic data. In the proposed article there is no a set task on critical analysis of the hypothesis on remote genetic relationship of Yenisseic people, the author would like to go to the question of the latter predecessors of Ket-Yenisseic people among early peoples of Central Asia and consider their possible ethnographic roots within those peoples. The level of working out of the Ket and other Yenisseic peoples’ problem currently allows only to outline different anticipations, regarding this point, the article is not different from other ones, but it attempts to allocate the abovementioned problem to the recorded historical events before BC and first centuries of CE, and also correlate it to peoples-participants of those events, particularly with Dinlins, Hunns and Hunnas. So that there is an attempt to estimate historiographic, ethnographic and linguistic material related to Yenisseic peoples’ problem to define their place, their participation and role in registered and possible to be reconstructed historical events in correspondent geographical areas. Keywords: Yenisseic people’s origin, Ligeti–Palliblank hypothesis, Hunn–Yenisseic language relations | 1010 | |||||
113 | In this paper, I examined some characteristics of -lkAn, a proprietive suffix in Ewen. Added to nominal stems, this suffix expresses possession. Nouns suffixed with -lkAn (N-lkAn) can function as adnominals, predicates, and adverbials. The semantic extent of the suffix -lkAn is not limited to possession, but covers various other meanings as well. In adverbial usage, for instance, the suffix conveys the meaning of ‘possession at that very moment.’ The other meanings expressed by N-lkan are as follows: (i) ‘An accompanier’, when added to a noun that signifies a person, a personal pronoun, or a personal proper noun (personal name) (in adverbial usage). (ii) ‘Being worn’ or ‘in use’, when added to a noun that signifies clothing. (iii) ‘A quantitative unit’ or ‘an amount’, when added to a noun that signifies a container. (iv) ‘A person’s age’, when added to a numeral. Although the ‘accompaniment’ meaning can be expressed by the comitative case as well as the suffix -lkAn, these two constructions are significantly different. The comitative case suffix can co-occur with a personal possessive suffix, while the suffix -lkAn cannot. N-lkAn can serve as an adverbial either with or without an instrumental case suffix. Without the instrumental case, it means a state of ‘put on’, ‘being worn’, or ‘in use’, whereas with the instrumental case, it does not necessarily imply this state. In addition, there is an abessive form, the aač -LA phrase, which is semantically opposite to the proprietive suffix-lkAn. The meaning of the aač -LA phrase covers ‘absence’, ‘non-possession’, and ‘non-accompaniment.’ The proprietive suffix and the abessive form share certain similarities in that they both have adnominal, predicative, and adverbial usages. However, in terms of morphosyntax, they show some differences; for instance, in the adverbial usage, the aač -LA phrase requires an instrumental case suffix, while N-lkAn can be used as an adverbial either with or without the instrumental case suffix. Keywords: Ewen, Even, Tungusic, proprietive suffix, possession | 1008 | |||||
114 | The author of the article considered problems of formation and development of Russian Orthodox Church in the territory of the province Xinjiang. One of the reasons hindering the penetration of active orthodox life in the region was the lack of missionary work in Xinjiang, as in neighboring areas of Russia orthodox population was in the minority. Also development of orthodoxy in the region directly depended on the presence in the province of the Russian population. In this regard it is obviously important to track the main waves of resettlement of Russians to the province. The first news of Russians in Xinjiang belong to 1850. The most mass resettlement of Russians on the territory of the province to come to the period of Civil war in Russia. A significant influx of Russian population also applies to the period of collectivization in Russia, and as a result of the exodus of peasants from the country. The orthodox church became the main spiritual center for the Russian people who lost the homeland. Such cities of Xinjiang as, Kuldzha, Urumqi, Chuguchak became the main centers of orthodoxy. The organization of continuous church services in the cities of the province, depended on the presence of the priest in it. “Cultural revolution” in China had a great influence on development of orthodox life. It was during this period in China, and Xinjiang in particular, pursued any kind of religious activity. Keywords: Xinjiang, russian diaspora, orthodox church | 1008 | |||||
115 | The article reviewed the category of time in the heroic epic of Mongolian peoples. Basing on the analysis of 27 epics the personal time of hero is considered in the general story-event time context. It was revealed that in general story time, having the property to tighten and stretch, the personal hero time is characterized by hopping movement and at the same time by statics and stability, its structured biographically, distinguished by wholeness and line-return current. The hero time continuum remains open and endless, time length extends into non-textual space. Epics show mythological shamanic worldview with concepts of cyclic life, continuation of the existence of human soul in the time stream. Keywords: Mongolian peoples, heroic epic, story, time category | 1007 | |||||
116 | 1004 | ||||||
117 | The intonation of the Teleut utterances is under consideration in this work: Кижи эзенjит. – ‘The man thinks’. – [kɨӡɨ εzεnjɨt]Салқын қаақjит. – ‘The wind blows’. – [salkъn qa:qjɨt], Кижи эзенjит пa? – ‘Does the man think?’ – [kɨӡɨ εzεnjɨt pa], Салқын қаақjит пa? – ‘Does the wind blow?’ – [salkъn qa:qjɨt pa], Неденааре кижи эзентит? – ‘What does the man think about?’ – [nεdεna:rε kɨӡɨ εzεnjɨt], Каани салкын каақтит? – ‘Where does the wind blow?’ – [ka:nI salkъn ka:qjɨt], which were pronounced by 10 Teleut speakers, who live in the village Bekovo, Belovo district, Kemerovo region. We analyzed the phrases by help of computer programs Speech Analyzer 3.01 and Wave Assistant using audiovisual method and relying on speaker’s perception. Keywords: Turk languages, the Teleut language, intonation, speech prosody, linguistic universals, speech perception | 1002 | |||||
118 | The article deals with new sources for dating of famous sacral-industrial complex of the early Iron Age from Kizhirovo hillfort in the Tomsk Ob region. This complex is comprised of casting molds and cult vessels with drawings, stylistically close to Kulayka culture casting and engraving on bronze discs. The completeness of molds was verified in the study of the collection. The article presents the analogy with subjects casting in these forms. They have a typological conformity in products of era boundaries and first centuries AD in various regions of Siberia and the Urals. Some of the technological methods used in the forms apparently related to the Central Asian cultural tradition of the Han time. The accumulated information allows to hypothesize that sacral-industrial complex of Kizhirovo did not appear at an early stage of existence sites of Kulayka culture, as previously thought, but later – on Sarovka stage of that culture. Keywords: the early Iron Age, the Kulaika culture, Western Siberia, casting molds | 1002 | |||||
119 | The article is based оn the insufficiently studied field data of the vocabulary materials, collected by the Toponymic Field Team of the Ural Federal University in 1968–1971 from Upper Lozva’s and Upper Sosva’s Mansi raindeer herdsmen in the Northern Ural Mountains. Now the speakers of the Upper Lozva version of the northern Mansi dialect no longer practice raindeer herdsmanship, and the number of such speakers is continuously decreasing. Therefore, it becomes especially important to pay attention to the lexical data reflecting the state of the northern dialects of the Mansi language of the second half of the XX century. Mansi vocabulary presented in the field materials of expeditions covers almost all the conceptual sphere. A reflection of the stability of the northern Mansi’s lexical stock and its development, as well Mansi’s increasing familiarity with the civilization realities. The article presents the changes in semantic volume of the Mansi lexemes, the features of lexical-derivational variation, the semantics and ways of creating the neologisms. Keywords: Mansi vocabulary, second part of XX century, field research, new lexical materials, the development of Mansi language | 1000 | |||||
120 | In a wide sense diamorphism can be determined as a losing genetic uniformity by a language i.e. monolingualism of its idiom. Being a heterogeneous (polyglossic) language due to its resources the contemporary German contains layers of heterolingual means functioning in the German literary speech synchronously as diglossic variants of stylistically different values, eg.: posten – veröffentlichen, Coverstory – Titelgeschichte. Concerning the diglossy of the type „German vs. (American) English“ resulting from the exoglossic language situation in Germany since 1945 the diamorphism tendency can be characterized as a preferring heterogeneous (English) variants to autochthonous ones by speakers. In a narrow sense diamorphism is opposite to isomorphism and is manifested in prevailing of foreign resources over German ones in separate lexical-semantic groups or discourses. Diamorphism tendencies in contemporary German within an invasive borrowing of Anglo-Americanisms are detected by deriving the exoglossic index that explicate a grade of a certain intralinguistic sublevel’s subsystems to be susceptible to the influence of a donor language and is a quotient of the total of a sublevel means ({х} underlevel) and the quantity of Anglo-American borrowings detected ({х}АА): Iэкз={x}подуровень/{x}АА The exoglossic index under 0,5 displays an inconspicuous infiltration of Anglophonic material and isomorphic functioning of a sublevel. A figure above 0,5 explicates a diamorphism tendency in a certain lexical sphere. Keywords: diamorphism, resource heterogeneity, isomorphism, contemporary German, exoglossic index, density of lexical and grammatical invasiveness | 999 | |||||
121 | In terms of rural Russian population of the Siberian rearmost village new research technologies of Slavonic cultures in the context of historical events of the XX century are introduced. The main sources of information are the materials of field expeditions in 1990–2014. In the process of studying of sustainment culture of Siberian population during the Great Patriotic War in 1941–1945 the notions of hard, extreme and exceptional conditions of life sustainment are introduced, new differential approach to observation of everyday activities of different social-economical, age, gender and repressed groups of rural community is presented. A set of new notions such as “adaptation practical aspects” in terms of foraging, trapping, hunting, fishing and “replacement technologies” in such elements of life sustainment as nourishment, dwelling, hygiene, etc. are developed in the process of characterization of family economy and labor traditions. “Life strategies” of different groups of Russian population fighting against famine and frost are viewed in their connection with natural resources of surrounding areas. The conclusion about the insurance role of the traditional culture in extreme conditions is made. Keywords: Rural Russian population, rearmost village, war, culture of sustainment, nourishing terrain, family economy, converting household, labor traditions | 998 | |||||
122 | The author of article considered specifics of use of folklore in concert and scenic practice of Belarus. She revealed a range of approaches to a scenic embodiment of folklore which varies from the minimum scenic adaptation of the traditional primary source before its cardinal transformation. This art phenomenon is defined by the author as a performing folklorizm which represents the independent direction of art creativity within which the scenic embodiment of folklore is carried out by performing means of theatrical, choreographic and musical art. The specifics of a performing folklorizm in Belarus at different stages of this development was considered in this article. The origin of a performing folklorizm as art phenomenon in Belarus belongs to the end of the XIX century. The performing creativity focused on folklore evolved actively in blighty scenic practice for more than hundred years. The history of performing folklorizm in Belarus have been developing in the context of all cultural history of Belarus but it has some specifics. The author allocated and considered some characteristics of five periods of its development: origin (the 1890s – 1917); registration as independent scenic phenomenon (1917 – mid 1950s); setting style of “the academic nationality” (mid 1950s – the 1960s); stylistic updating (1970 – the 1980s); statement of a stylistic variety with preservation of steady positive dynamic of development (since the 1990s to the present time). Keywords: implementation on folklorism, concert and scenic practice, stage realization of folklore | 993 | |||||
123 | Traditional Belarusian costume is a unique phenomenon in the culture of Eastern European folks. It had preserved archaic general Slavonic features connected with materials and manufacturing technologies, decoration character and manners of wearing till first decades of XX century. The article concerns the problem of scientific reconstruction of one of traditional costume complexes which was common for the territory of Igumen uezd (county) of Minsk Governorate in the late XIX and early XX century (nowadays it is Berezino district of Minsk region). Till recent period the traditional costume of this area was not widely known, though V. K. Kostko, student of Saint-Petersburg University, collected first data about it as early as in 1905. These materials in the form of a photo album and a small number of museum articles are preserved in the Russian Museum of Ethnography (Saint-Petersburg). Nearly in one hundred years they served as impulse for a deeper research. In 2003–2009 authors of the article conducted a number of expeditions on the territory of Berezino district which enabled them to collect valuable substantial and information materials. Based on the analysis of museum articles, archive photos and materials of contemporary field studies artistic and plastic features of previously unknown local variants of a traditional Belarusian costume were reconstructed. Clothing material collected during expeditions and scientific reconstruction of manners of women’s headdress, belts and other clothing articles helped to represent a traditional Berezino costume in the Museum of Ancient Belarusian Culture (Minsk). Keywords: traditional costume of Berezino district, V. K. Kostko, the Russian Museum of Ethnography, field studies, reconstruction, the Museum of Ancient Belarusian Culture | 992 | |||||
124 | The article deals with phonetic interference in the consonantal system of Chukchi’s Russian speech. The significant feature is instability and heterogeneity of oppositions between so called “hard”/“soft” and voiced/voiceless consonants. The very structure of opposition between obstruents and sonorants differs in Russian and Chukchi. Some deviations from the Russian phonetic norms that take place in Chukchi’s Russian speech are connected to place and manner of articulation. Thus, the Chukchi articulate a number of Russian consonants deeper in the oral cavity. We hope to further deepen our knowledge on how Chukchi phonetic system is projected on Russian, and thus expand our views on both structures. Keywords: The Chukchi language, the Russian language, language contact, phonetic interference, consonants | 989 | |||||
125 | We consider the 72 Tuvan expressive words of Mongolian origin. According to the word formation pattern the words are divided into two groups: 1) the сomposites formed by the model N + -chok (өөдежок ‘stupid’, саваажок ‘crazy’, etc.); 2) direct loanwords adapted phonetically (mong. мэлхий ‘stupid’ → тув. мелегей ‘stupid’, mong. жолиг / золиг ‘ransom, hell, an evil spirit (swearword)’ → tuv. чолук ‘scoundrel’). We find the unique feature of the Turkic languages which is the homonymy of adjective (Adj) and adverbs (AdvInt), adjective (Adj) and expressive nouns (NQuol). The loanwords can have different functions depending on the context of a sentence. Keywords: тувинский язык, заимствование, монгольский язык, композит, семантика, экспрессия, экспрессивные слова | 985 | |||||
126 | The paper presents the field notes of I. N. Guemuev made during his trip to the Northern Mansi community in 1986 and the comments of the author. The field data mostly describe the ceremonies of the Mansi life circle but also include the description of diet restrictions, worshipping the family’s guardian spirits, some sacred places. The ceremony held at womens’ sacred place Araschkan in the village of Novinskie is described in detail. Keywords: Mansi, ceremony, sacrifice, burial, matchmaking, spirits | 984 | |||||
127 | The paper explores the agricultural practices of middle-Ob (Narym) Selkups. The agricultural practices in question imply the cultivation of soil for cereals and garden cultures. The discussion reviews possible sources of agricultural tradition in local Samoyedic population, estimated length of adaptation of agricultural skills, and the initial results of cultivation of cereal and garden cultures. In the process of the study, it was identified that until the XVII cent. the middle-Ob Selkups did not practice agriculture. The original culture demonstrated the typical forest hunter-fisher culture. The initial introduction of agricultural technology can be dated to the initial settlement of Russian population in the Narym area in the XVII century. The analysis produced a set of conclusions: regardless of isolated attempts, cereal cultivation failed to integrate into the Selkup culture for a variety of reasons; garden cultivation, as another external innovation, managed to integrate solidly, occasionally at the expense of the dominant traditional hunter-fisher economy. Synchronically, garden cultivation can be considered a stable component of the traditional Selkup economy. Keywords: Selkups, agriculture in Siberia, innovation, cereal cultivation, garden cultivation, traditional food production | 978 | |||||
128 | The article aims at questions of identity and language practice of Russian/Russian-speaking po pulation of Fergana. Ethno-cultural identity of the Russian population, which was formed in the prerevolutionary and Soviet periods, was based on the traditions established in Ferghana as a center of military-colonial administration of Ferghana region: a high level of education of the population, the presence of theatre, reading and wide dissemination of the Russian language in the city. These factors became the basis of “Oldferghan’s identity”, which was acutely aware of the population of Fergana in a difficult post-Soviet period during the active rural-urban migration to the city. During the period of sovereignty in the city, as well as in the country, has changed the status of the Russian language, closed the main industrial enterprises, which were occupied by Russian, decreased the scope of employment, which ultimately led to mass migration from Fergana. If in 1926 in Ferghana lived 55 % of Russian, then in 2013 the share of Russian is 3.4 %. “Oldferghan’s Russian” still strives to maintain the high standards of the former culture of Fergana and at the same time adapting to the new realities of the city. The results showed that the Russian master the national language or know it within the minimum necessary for the job. However, conformity to the language question does not mean full integration in the Russian socio-cultural environment of post-Soviet Ferghana. Adapting to Russian conditions of Fergana, losing Soviet status of cultural capital and cosmopolitan city, is more complicated. Between indigenous people and visitors of Fergana there is alienation associated with complete-ly different lifestyle. Keywords: Russian-speaking population, titular, language practice, state language, identity | 975 | |||||
129 | Today narrative is used in many areas of human activity, and the museum is no exception, especially as the narrative by nature is very close to the museum space. The article is devoted to the problems of the integration of narratives into the museum space. On the example of contemporary museum expositions and exhibitions, techniques and trends in the use of narratives in the museum are analyzed. Author tries to prove the effectiveness of their application to solve the most pressing problems associated with the interpretation of historical and cultural heritage. The main attention is drawn to the narrative architecture of museum buildings, narrative in the basis of expositions, the use of literary narratives, the use of multiple narratives. In addition, the author analyzes the key problems of the contemporary museum, which can be solved by using narratives. Keywords: narrative, museum, museum design, museum anthropology, exposition, difficult heritage, interpretation of heritage | 972 | |||||
130 | The article considers the possibilities of representation of heritage of immigrants from Russia, who have made a significant contribution to the development of Belarus by a cluster strategy in the organization of cultural and tourist programs. Cultural and tourism cluster is a group of related organizations in the sphere of culture and tourism industry, which, together with governments, business entities, research centers, etc., are involved in economic and sociocultural relations and interact with each other, creating a complex cultural tourism product within a given region. Emphasis is placed on the material and spiritual heritage of the great historical figures of Vasily Tatishchev, Rumyantsev-Zadunaysky, Zakhar Chernyshev, Fedor and Irina Paskevich, Alexander Suvorov, Ilya Repin and others, as well as prominent representatives of culture of XX and XXI centuries: the composer Nicholas Aladov, sculptor Andrey Bembel, architect Yuri Gradov, artist Valentin Volkov, director Vladimir Korsh-Sablin, poets Konstantin Simonov and Alexander Twardowski, musician Vladimir Mulyavin, choreographer Valentin Elizaryev and others. Keywords: cluster, representation of heritage, historical and cultural heritage, Russian in Belarus | 971 | |||||
131 | In the article are expound the results of research of the process of changes in the composition of ornamental supertext of Andronovo cultural-historical community (ACHC). The research was carried out in the territorial, cultural and, partly, chronological contexts. As the most sensitive markers of this process it is proposed to consider such groups of ornamental figures, like «diamonds», «step pyramid», «swastika» and «Siberian wave». The study was conducted in the framework of the problem of the Genesis of Andronovo cultures. It was assumed that the degree of concentration of the selected shapes on the map ACHC will be able to mark the areals of the formation of Alakul and, above all, the Fedorov culture. Keywords: Andronovo ornamentation, genesis, the epicenters of origin, the regions of distribution, pre-Andronovo ornamentation | 968 | |||||
132 | The results of comparative analysis of modern and Soviet history textbook are given in this article. This is timely now. Conceptual differences are revealed in the perception of the national history between the people and the scientific community of historians and also in the analysis of modern textbooks that interpret history in a negative version. Creating the conception of a single standard textbook of Russian history should remove the revealed problems. Attention of academic and educational communities is involved in discussion of this problem. The comparative analysis shows that modern textbooks, unlike Soviet textbooks, don't carry out patriotic educational function to the right degree. Thus, the conceptual differences are seen in issue of origin of statehood of Ancient Russia and the ethnonym “Rusy”, “Russian”. The version of “the Norman theory” is unambiguously and categorically asserted in modern textbooks. Other theories of origin of the Russian statehood are absent in them while the issue is still debatable in science. The Norman version infringes patriotic feelings, causes feeling of lameness. High patriotic educational potential of topics related to the wars, victories of Russian arms, liberation struggle of our people is poorly used in modern textbooks. The statement of material is given informatively, and lack of assessment forms indifferent perception of national history, weak feeling of participation of pupils in it. Figurativeness, emotional giving, fine literary language that are used in the Soviet textbook as the receptions of forming of quite concrete relation to events and their accurate assessment which causes pride of the history and the people, and, above all – feeling of participation in them. Patriotic education has to become a conceptual core of the new textbook of Russian istor Keywords: national history, textbook, Russia, Kievan Rus, patriotic education | 963 | |||||
133 | The article explores the little-known Basandaika expedition that constitutes one of the greatest endeavours in the development of archaeology in Tomsk, i.e. the opening and studying of the Basandaika settlement II. In focus is the discoverer of the site whose name is almost unknown in the context of archaeological research in the Basandaika area – Doctor of History, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences (Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic) Hilda Ivanovna Mosberg. In 1943–45, she acted as an Associate Professor at the Faculty of History of Tomsk State Pedagogical Institute and took part in the expedition to Basandaika in 1944. Based on the material collected at four different Tomsk archives, the article reconstructs some of the events from the Tomsk period of H.I. Mosberg’s life. Analyzed is the field material associated with her name as well as the fate of the archaeological collection from the settlement. Photographs previously unpublished accompany the article. In addition, the results produced in the early XXI century investigation in which Lyudmila Mikhailovna Pletnyova was actively involved complement the ones of the mid-XX century research into the settlement. Keywords: archaeology, excavations in the Basandaika area, the Basandaika settlement II, Tomsk State Pedagogical Institute (University), Tomsk State University, K. E. Grinevich, H. I. Mosberg, G. V. Trukhin, L. M. Pletnyova, N. V. Toroshchina | 962 | |||||
134 | The present study deals with nonverbal predicate constructions and strategies used to negate them in Ket. The types of nonverbal predicates discussed in the article include nominal (inclusive and equative), attributive and locative (locative (proper), existential, and possessive) constructions. The strategies employed to negate each predicate type are analyzed with respect to morphosyntatic and paradigmatic symmetry / asymmetry they display as opposed to their affirmative counterparts, as well as whether these strategies differ from the standard negation in the language. Particular attention is paid to a special subtype of negative existential predicates that has features typical for the locative (proper) type of nonverbal predicates. The results of the study are meant to supplement the ongoing areal and typological research of negation in nonverbal predicative constructions. Keywords: Ket, negation, nonverbal predicates, locative constructions, existential constructions, possessive constructions, endangered languages, Siberian languages, typology | 962 | |||||
135 | The shelomok culture was widespread on the territory of Tomsk Priobye in VI–IV cc. b.c.e. It was closely related to cultures of scythian-siberian world: Greater Black Sea area and its Asian part. All these manifested itself in similar forms of weapon items, horse munitions, as well as availability of items typical of other cultures of scythian world: pazyryk, tagarsk culture, sacs of Kazakhstan. Art of scythian-siberian world is characterized by relief and volume pieces of animals’ figures. This article reviews only bronze hollow figures of roe deers from Tomsk Priobye and China. Authors suppose this form in volume version came from East: China, indirectly through other territories. Such figures are present in materials of tagarsk culture in minimum quantity. Probably, the way from China passed through the territory of Khakass-Minusinsk basin, then, in a modified form they came to Tomsk Priobye. Keywords: archeology, bronze figures, early Iron Age, cultural ties, settlement, ritual | 961 | |||||
136 | The paper presents the analysis of the speech behavior pattern of APOLOGY in German and Russian. In the first part of paper the illocution of APOLOGY is defined in terms of Natural Semantic Metalanguage. The contrastive research is carried out from three different angles. Firstly, from the structural viewpoint, main language patterns of the realization of APOLOGY are described. Secondly, from the pragmatic viewpoint, it is considered whether and how the situations in which Germans and Russians express APOLOGY are different. It is shown that the difference between conventional and substantial APOLOGY proves to be very important for the German-Russian comparison. And thirdly, the possibilities of expressing APOLOGY in German and Russian are described using the method of communicative-pragmatic field. The peculiarities of field organization in these languages are revealed. The study is based on the existing corpora of the German and the Russian. Keywords: speech behavior, apology, intercultural communication, contrastive linguistics, Russian, German | 958 | |||||
137 | The present day significance and role of archaic cults are defined in the traditional culture of the Turks of the Sayan-Altai. The study shows that in the modern funeral and memorial rites of the Turks of the Sayan-Altay there are common features such as the preservation of the values of the cult of the ancestors, the sacredness of fire, the ritualized character of a memorial meal, the rites of transition – the “overnight” ritual, farewell to the soul ceremony and others. The transformations characterizing a special worldview for the Altai, Tuva and Khakas people are also of interest. The formation of the main characteristic features of modern traditional rituals occurred as a result of the impact of various State formations, religious teachings and social and cultural changes of society. Although the general world outlook layer peculiar to the peoples of the Sayan-Altai has been modified, in a certain context they continue to operate and now. Keywords: family rituaisml, burial-memorial rite, stability, variability, the Sayan-Altai | 958 | |||||
138 | The paper reviews the perception of women of other cultures in the Russian literature of the XVI century. The author comes to the conclusion that the specifics of this perception can be attributed to the perceived serious deviations from the stereotypical model of female behavior adopted in Russia of the period. In cases of direct contact, such deviations were construed as negative characteristics, while in the literary descriptions of the way of life of other countries,these deviations were often received as neutral or with sympathetic interest. Keywords: Russian centralized state, Russian literature, “image of Other”, women’s history | 953 | |||||
139 | The paper reviews the features of articaulation of palatal vowel harmony in Ondugaj and Ust-Kan idioms of Altai-Kizhi dialects. The analysis of experimental-instrumental data demonstrates that algorythms of production of Turkic velar harmony (consistently articulated in Ondugaj idiom) are not maintained in the articulatory-acoustic base of the Ust-Kan idiom speakers. Vowel harmony as a dominant typological feature, largely defining the phonetic make-up of the whole word, and consistent with the idealized harmonic model, has various articulatory specifics in each Turkic language. This articulatory variation adheres to strict systemic processes and mutual conditioning by segmental and suprasegmental levels. The main explanatory features are to be found in the historic aspects of individual languages, in their inter- and intraethnic interactions affecting the articulatory-acoustic bases of shaping the respective phonetic-phonological systems. Keywords: Turkic languages of Siberia, palatal vowel harmony, consonants, experimental phonetics, MRI, digital X-ray diagnostics | 952 | |||||
140 | The article examines conditions and mechanisms of formation of different models of collective identities of Turkic language peoples of Siberia at the end of the 20th century – at the beginning of the 21th century. The article demonstrates the importance of archaic social institutions as an initial stage of modeling of clan identities. The link between the ethnic processes and the emergence of ethnic models of identities is emphasized. The incompleteness of ethnic consolidation is reflected in the desire to abandon the artificial ethnonyms and the search of new ones. The article shows the importance of confessional identity as an additional factor for the strengthening of feebly marked ethnic identity. Moreover, the article reveals the importance of historical (quasihistorical) memory for the construction of different models of identities and also for construction “All-Turkic” (“Central Asian”) model of identity. Keywords: identity, ethnic identity, Turkic language peoples of Siberia, historical memory, clan, ethnonim, religion, ethnic processes, construction | 951 | |||||
141 | The present article presents an expanded report on epistemological research referring to the canonical work of Alfred L. Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn entitled Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions (1952). Theoretical efforts were directed towards the elaboration of a functional classification of the concept of culture (Kroeber–Kluckhohn Culture Classification, hereafter KKCC), which could be used to capture paradigm shifts in the understanding of the concept of culture in the twentieth century. To this end, the symbolic notation that separates types of pseudo-definitions of culture from their semantic representations has been improved, enabling the transfer of analysis to the meta-theoretical level. Keywords: Theoretical anthropology, social anthropology, theory of culture, scientific report | 951 | |||||
142 | This paper analyzes some of the aspects of Western-Europe’s anti-Semitism. A retrospect of the ethnical treatment of Jews in pre-revolutionary Russia and the Soviet Union of the 1920s–1940s, the paper focuses on the way the Jewish national character is represented in pre-revolutionary and Soviet cinema. The pre-revolutionary Russian cinema, featuring mainly melodramatic storylines, makes the audience feel sympathy for the Jewish misfortune, thus suggesting the viewers to see the Jew as a fellow man. In contrast, the Soviet cinema depicts the traditional Jewish way of life, representing the Jewish involvement in the February Revolution of 1917, partly portraying the events of Jewish resettlement in the Crimea, as well as the resettlement of Jews in the Far Eastern Jewish Autonomous Region. Keywords: national identity, Jewish national character, antisemitism, the traditional Jewish way of life depicted in the pre-revolutionary Russian cinema, the Jewish involvement in the Russian Revolution as portrayed in the Soviet cinema, Jewish resettlement (in th | 950 | |||||
143 | The study of the phenomenon of anadiplosis is an urgent research task. Semantic analysis of epic language units were conducted while dictionary definitions, while identifying anadiplosis in the text of the Yakut heroic epic "Mighty Er Sogotokh" of V. O. Karataev. To identify with sufficient completeness the variety and diversity of means of cohesion expressed by anadiplosis in the text of Olonkho, the decomposition of anadiplosis to the elements was performed with the help of component analysis. The verification method is used for linguistic units to establish the truth of ontological information concerning the problem of cohesion in the evolution of the epic narrative. The direct nominative meaning of the linguistic units of the Yakut language is taken to reflects the main components of the analyzed structure, and contributes to the explication of the unit’s actualization in the context. The semantic-cognitive analysis using cognitive interpretation of anadiplosis reveals the venture point of the narrator and the audience on the epic reality, epic articulation of time and space. Retrospective and prospective analysis of the examples has been used to describe and classify aspects of anadiplosis in Olonkho. The general method of research is inductive-deductive, i.e. as a result of the analysis of language data, theoretical conclusions are made. In consequence of the study it is determined that anadiplosis in the text of the Yakut heroic epic Olonkho, represents the contact cohesion, and is one of the main means of effective communication, explicit in the surface structure of the text: at the junction of the main epic narrative and its complement. They are generated by the epic scale of the text and are a clear evidence of the nonlinearity of epic narrative, as also evidenced by the simulated schemes of anadiplosis. It was also revealed that anadiplosis is formed through repetition and verbal repetition in conjunction with demonstratives: ol / ool, bu. All considered examples consist of two complementary terms, which are discrete structures. In the classification of anadiplosis we can distinguish three main types: retrospective, conditionally medial and prospective, where the main principle of classification is the temporal focus of anadiplosis. Keywords: Olonkho, catching up, junction, anadiplosis, cohesion, repetition, retrospective anadiplosis, medial anadiplosis, prospective anadiplosis, return anadiplosis | 945 | |||||
144 | The paper overviews the variety of predicative possessive constructions manifested in Eastern Khanty. The aim is to define the most productive and frequent types of the predicative possessive constructions as well as peripheral types. The predicative possession is studied and explained by the interrelation of existential, locational and possessive constructions. The core predicative possessive constructions are existential/locational possessive constructions in which the possessor is locative-marked and the predicate is the verb «to be». The periphreal possessive constructions are the transitive constructions which contain the possession verb with a meaning of «to have, to keep, to hold» as the predicate; the possessive constructions with posture verbs «to sit, to stand, to lie» as predicates; equative/inclusive/attributive proprietive constructions including a very rare type of nominal predicative constructions with the possessive proprietive semantics encoded by the predicative suffix /-aki/. The frequency of existential/locational constructiones is induced by the contact with the Russian language among bilingual speakers. According to the Stassen's typology of predicative possession (Stassen, 2009), in Eastern Khanty the domination strategy is the locational strategy. The have-possessives are sporadically found and are losing their distinctive features due to the expanding distribution of the locational constructions at the present moment. The with-possessive constructions are not included in the study of predicative possession as they have the distinctive features and distrubution which allows using it with motion verbs only. Keywords: predicative possession construction, predicative possession strategies, Eastern dialects of Khanty | 941 | |||||
145 | The article concerns the research of functional and linguistic peculiarities of religious discourse in different historical periods. The author considers the religious discourse as a method, consistently reproduced in time and space, of transmitting the complex of meanings of a sacral text with account of the mentality, religious experience and objective reality of people speaking a certain language in a certain phase of history. The contrastive analysis of polyglot sacral texts appearing as a significant part of religious discourse and being a subject of rendering into different languages is worthwhile only when historical, chronological, sociocultural and situative factors which have an impact on the meaning of a sacral text are taken into consideration. Since translators were expected to observe the compulsory rules of rendering the meaning and structure of the source text, translations appeared that distorted the text meaning or did not reproduce it accurately. Keywords: religious discourse, the Gospel of St. Matthew, sacral text, diachronic approach, contrastive- comparative analysis, translation | 937 | |||||
146 | The paper deals with functioning of the analytical additive marker əč̣ʼjə / jəč̣ʼjə in the Temirgoy dialect of West Circassian (also known as Adyghe) and the Kuban dialect of Kabardian and analyses some morphosyntactic parameters, which serve to differentiate its various functions. According to the hypothesis we propose, the marker əč̣ʼjə / jəč̣ʼjə, which originally had exclusively additive functions or functions of the marker of coordination, has developed new pragmatically oriented meanings (contrast, emphasis in negation, etc.). Such pragmaticalization seems to have been accompanied not only by optional phonetic erosion which resulted in the appearance of a new additive clitic but also by the word order change, which presumably can be related to other typological features of the Circassian languages. Keywords: Circassian, West Circassian, Adyghe, Kabardian, additive, coordination, pragmaticalization, grammaticalization, word order | 936 | |||||
147 | The article reviews a history of an old believer’s family, residing in the territory of Altai and exiled to the Tomsk region in the 1930s. The biographies of family members were reconstructed. One of the representatives of the family – E. A. Yakovleva – wrote several manuscripts in the 1980s., which are stored now in Rare Books and Manuscripts Department of Tomsk State University Research Library (ORKP NB TGU). The manuscripts were analyzed from the paleographical point of view and in terms of content as well. It was found that E. A. Yakovleva's manuscripts includes mainly liturgical texts, mostly canons. A comparison was accomplished between E. A. Yakovleva's manuscripts and other manuscripts from ORKP. In particular, manuscripts of Skitskaia library (old believers of the north of Tomsk region) and “raskol'nichia” library of Tomsk seminary were involved. Catalogs of old believer's editions of XVIII–XIX were also used for analysis. It is concluded that the formation of text`s corpus under studying was occurred not earlier than the beginning of XIX century. Paleographical descriptions of E. A. Yakovleva's manuscripts are presented in the annex to the article. Keywords: old believers, special resettlement, book history, paleography, codicology, Book of Canons, Tomsk region, Altay region | 934 | |||||
148 | The article is devoted to personal sources in Polish identified in the process of studying of the biography of Alexander Nikolayevich Murav'ev. He was one of the most famous of the Decembrists and the founder of the first Russian secret political societies The Union of Salvation and The Union of Prosperity. The article analyzes the Polish sources – Anthony Pausha’s journal, Peter Moshinsky’s memories and Józefa Shembekova’s memories. These texts are at first introduced into scientific research. These sources contain new and important information about the life of Decembrist in Tobolsk and his relationship with local officials, about his outlook and philosophy, personality and connections with the Polish comrades by exile and liberation movement. These sources are very creative and informative. For example, Anthony Pausha narrates an interesting fact from the history A. N. Murav'ev’s governorship. It’s clearly characterizes Decembrist’s complex relationship with the Governor-General of Western Siberia I. A. Velyaminov. The characteristic of A. N. Murav'ev’s political outlook is very important for Russian historians. Peter Moshinsky exactly describes Murav'ev’s convictions as a constitutional monarchy. He also tells about the Decembrist as “liberalists forever”. Thus completely is refuted the thesis of Murav'ev’s remorse after the uprising of the Decembrists. These estimates deserve full confidence. This is because not only P. Moshinsky was Murav'ev’s friend but also he was a prominent figure of the liberation movement, a liberal ally of the movement of Decembrists. Keywords: decembrists, liberation movement, Polish exile in Siberia, memoirs, administration, governance | 932 | |||||
149 | This paper explores the main features of development of ancient archaeological cultures of the extreme Northeast of Asia in the context of reconstruction of ethnogenetic processes in this region in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. Based on researches of previous years and recent results the aim of the present study was to give the complex view of problems of ethnic identification of ancient cultures, reconstruction of the directions of migrations and episodes of ethnic interaction. The wide spread of the Beringian tradition could be associated with the «Ancient Paleosiberian» population, which largely became ancestral to many populations of the Holocene of the extreme Northeast Asia and North America, including Paleoeskimos, Neoeskimos and Chukotka-Kamchatkian clade, and appear as a common ancestor for Kets and Athabascans. Haplotype D2a'b of the mitochondrial genome, discovered in the burial on the lake Nozhyj (Trans-Baikal), may indicate carriers of the Kitoy tradition as a population associated with the Asian ancestors of the Paleoeskimo people. At least two large waves of the back migration from America to the extreme Northeast Asia since the Holocene were identified. Migration of the Paleoeskoimo and Aleutian groups is observed starting at ~3,500 cal. BP and expressed in the emergence of the Paleoeskimo tradition in Chukotka and the Tokarev culture in Northern Priokhotye. Starting at ~2,100 cal. BP the Neoeskimo populations expanded to Chukotka, which evinced in the development of Neoeskimo cultures of the Bering Sea. Keywords: Northeast Asia, archeological cultures, ethnogenesis, haplogroups, Beringian tradition, Sumnagin culture, Belkachi culture, Ymyyakhtakh culture, Tokarev culture, Paleoeskimos, Neoeskimos, Chukchi, Koryaks | 932 | |||||
150 | The article deals with the processes which took place in rural Siberian under the influence of the Great Patriotic war under the conditions of completed collectivization and defarming. It is demonstrated that the deterioration of life conditions of Russian Siberians contributed to the return to traditions of peasant culture of self-sustainability. This tendency is analyzed on the basis of new field research and materials of oral history. The article presents the characteristic of cultural groups of Russians in Siberia and the adaptation of their traditions of making leather, fur and woolen winter clothing and footwear under the conditions of the absence of stock-raising materials. The author introduces the notion of compensating technologies, describes replacement of hides, pelts and wool of live-stock by other materials. The use of by-products of gopher hunting, dog hides and hides of fallen animals for crafting winter peasant clothes and footwear is analyzed in detail. The author makes the conclusion about simplification of technology and manufacturing processes used in raw materials procession and crafting of clothing and footwear in the peasant family, that was an evidence of archaization of elements of self-sustainability culture. The article proves that it led to the disappearance of cultural differences between groups of Russian population of Siberian village, their unification. For example, Siberians replaced traditional leather footwear with bast shoes, which is characteristic of Russian population of central Russia. Attention is paid to innovations in the policies of the Soviet state which supported traditional crafts to ensure self-sustainability of civilians and the repressed population of Siberia with winter clothing essential for their life activities under hard conditions of war time. The turn in the policy of the Soviet state from elimination of peasant's traditions to their support is characterized by the example of regulation of handicraft and cooperative industry manufacturing footwear with wooden soles and wooden footwear for industrial and household purposes. During the war years, under the conditions of mobilization of all stock-raising materials of collective farms and farmsteads for the needs of the army at war, their manufacturing was recommended for providing people in the system of compulsory labor (GULAG labor camps, labor armies), and at enterprises of food industry (butter-making plants, flax-processing plants). The paper reveals the replacement of traditional leather footwear with the soft sole by footwear with the wooden sole among Russian peasants of Siberia during the war time. Keywords: war, rear, Siberia, Russian peasantry, winter clothes and footwear, raw materials, processing and manufacturing technologies, traditions and innovations, state policy | 931 |