The Functioning of Bilingualism in the Republic of Bashkortostan
DOI: 10.23951/2307-6119-2024-4-58-67
Bilingualism in the Republic of Bashkortostan plays an important role in preserving the region’s cultural diversity and national identity. By enabling people to communicate in two languages, it allows them to participate in different aspects of life while preserving their linguistic and cultural heritage. The article deals with bilingualism and polylingualism in the Republic of Bashkortostan. It deals with the extent of the spread of national-Russian bilingualism. Bashkir-Russian and Tatar-Russian bilingualisms are the most developed in the republic. For the study, quantitative analysis of information from various sources was used. Statistical processing of digital data was used to create the tables. The aim of this work is to study the peculiarities of the functioning of bilingualism and multilingualism in the Republic of Bashkortostan based on census data. The main types of these phenomena are identified. The author also draws attention to multilingual education in modern society. The educational institutions of the Republic of Bashkortostan have organized the study of 14 native languages. The article also notes that subordinate bilingualism and polylingualism are accompanied by interference errors, the study of which will help to develop effective methods for teaching Russian as a second language to native speakers of the national language and avoid the repetition of these errors in the future. According to the results of the All-Russian census, it was found that there are about 150 languages in the republic. The languages of international communication are Russian, Bashkir, and Tatar. The population of the Republic of Bashkortostan is 4091423 people, including Bashkirs – 1268806, Russians – 1509246, Tatars – 974533, Mari – 84988, Chuvashs – 79950, Ukrai-nians – 14876, Mordvins – 10970, Udmurts – 17149, Belarusians – 3753, other nationalities – 61096. It should be noted that 98.5% of the population speaks Russian, Bashkir – 23%, Tatar – 20.1%, English – 3.2%, Mari – 1.5%, and Chuvash – 1.3% of the population of the Republic of Belarus. Despite all the conditions created to preserve the national languages of their peoples, there is a decline in the level of mastery of native languages in the republic, with the exception of Russian.
Keywords: Bashkir language, native language, Russian language, bilingualism, polylingualism, multilin¬gualism, types of bilingualism, census
References:
1. Zakon Respubliki Bashkortostan “O yazykakh narodov Respubliki Bashkortostan” ot 15 fevralya 1999 g. № 216-z 9 (redaktirovan ot 28.03.2014 g. № 75-z) [The Law of the Republic of Bashkortostan “On the Languages of the Peoples of the Republic of Bashkortostan” dated February 15, 1999 No. 216-z 9 (ed. dated 03/28/2014 No. 75-z)] [Electronic resource]. Elektronnyy fond pravovykh i normativno-tekhnicheskikh dokumentov. URL: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/ 935103425 (accessed: 31.01.2024) (in Russian).
2. Baskakov N. A. Vvedenie v izuchenie tyurkskikh yazykov [Introduction to the study of Turkic languages]. 2nd ed. Moscow: Vysshaya shkola Publ., 1969. 383 p. (in Russian).
3. Garipov T. M. Izuchenie bashkirskogo yazyka v dorevolyutsionnyy period [The study of the Bashkir language in the pre-revolutionary period]. In: Kharisov K. Z. et al. (eds) Voprosy bashkirskoy filologii [Issues of Bashkir Philology]. Moscow: AN USSR Publ., 1959. pp. 35–36 (in Russian).
4. Garipov M. T. Protsessy yazykovogo vzaimodeystviya v Bashkirii [The processes of linguistic interaction in Bashkiria]. In: Garipov T. M., Cheremisina N. V. (eds) Yazykovye kontakty v Bashkirii: tematicheskiy sbornik [Language contacts in Bashkiria: thematic collection]. Ufa, 1972. pp. 19–58 (in Russian).
5. Khisamitdinova F. G., Mukhtarov T. G. Funktsionirovanie yazykov v Respublike Bashkortostan: problema razvitiya bashkirskogo yazyka kak gosudarstvennogo [Functioning of languages in the Republic of Bashkortostan: the problem of development of the Bashkir language as the state language]. Problemy vostokovedeniya – Problems of Oriental Studies, 2016, no. 1 (71), pp. 71–75 (in Russian).
6. Kratkie itogi Vserossiyskoy perepisi naseleniya 2020 goda po munitsipal’nym rayonam i gorodskim ouregam Respubliki Bashkortostan: statisticheskiy byulleten’ [Summary of the 2020 All-Russian Population Census by municipal districts and urban districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan: statistical bulletin]. Ch. 1. Ufa: Bashkortostanstat, 2023. 130 p. (in Russian).
7. Akhmanova O. S. Slovar’ lingvisticheskikh terminov [Dictionary of linguistic terms]. Moscow: Sovetskaya entsiklopediya Publ., 1966. 607 p. (in Russian).
8. Avrorin V. A. Problemy izucheniya funktsional’noy storony yazyka [Problems of studying the functional side of language]. Leningrad: Nauka Publ., 1975. 276 p. (in Russian).
9. Akhunzyanov E. M. Russkie zaimstvovaniya v russkom yazyke [Russian borrowings in the Russian language]. Kazan: Kazan State University Publ., 1968. 368 p. (in Russian).
10. Sagdeeva F. Problemy kul’tury tatarskoy rechi v usloviyakh aktivnogo dvuyazychiya [Problems of Tatar speech culture in conditions of active bilingualism]. Kazan: Fiker Publ., 2002. 128 p. (in Russian).
11. Atanova A. Samyy problemnyy faktor dlya bashkirskogo yazyka – sistema doshkol’nogo i shkol’nogo obrazovaniya [The most problematic factor for the Bashkir language is the system of preschool and school education]. Real’noe vremya – Real Time [Electronic resource] URL: https://realnoevremya.ru/articles/258826-statya-o-sostoyanii-bashkirskogo-yazyka (accessed: 31.01.2024) (in Russian).
12. Moldabekov K. M. Osvoenie russkikh i internatsional’nykh slov v sovremennom kazakhskorm yazyke [Mastering Russian and international words in the modern Kazakh language]. Alma-Ata: Mektep Publ., 1989. 120 p. (in Russian).
13. Konovalova E. A. Problema opredeleniya bilingvizma [The problem of defining bilingualism]. Uchenye zapiski Tavricheskogo natsional’nogo universiteta im. V. I. Vernadskogo. Seriya “Filologiya. Sotsial’nye kommunikatsii” – Scientific notes of the Taurida National University named after V. I. Vernadsky. Series “Philology. Social communications”, 2011, vol. 24(63), no. 1, ch. 1, pp. 263–271 (in Russian).
14. Belikov V. I., Krysin L. P. Sotsiolingvistika [Sociolinguistics]. Moscow: Rossiyskiy gumanitarnyy gosudarstvennyy universitet Publ., 2001. 317 p. (in Russian).
15. Itogi Vserossiyskoy perepisi naseleniya 2010 g. [The results of the All-Russian Population Census of 2010]: in 11 vols. Moscow: Statistika Rossii Publ., 2012. Vol. 4, ch. 1. 2101 p. (in Russian).
16. Bashkiriya podelitsya opytom razvitiya polilingval’nogo obrazovaniya na mezhdunarodnom forume [Bashkiria will share its experience in the development of multilingual education at the international forum]. URL: https:// promishkino.ru/articles/obrazovanie/2023-11-30/bashkiriya-podelitsya-opytom-razvitiya-polilingvalnogo-obrazovaniya-na-mezhdunarodnom-forume-3545922?ysclid=lqga2zo8ud122079118 (accessed: 21.02.2024) (in Russian).
17. Rakhmatullina Z. Ya. Traditsionnye tsennosti bashkir: istoriya i sovremennost’ [Traditional values of Bashkirs: history and modernity]. Ufa: Ufa: Institut istorii, yazyka i literatury Publ., 2023. 216 p. (in Russian).
18. Buskunbaeva L. A. Osobennosti funktsionirovaniya kodovykh pereklyucheniy v bashkirskoy ustnoy rechi: chaste-rechnyy analiz (na materiale tekstov vostochnogo dialekta bashkirskogo yazyka) [Features of the functioning of code switches in Bashkir oral speech: partial analysis (based on the texts of the Eastern dialect of the Bashkir language)]. Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal – Siberian Philological Journal, 2023, no. 4, pp. 229–242 (in Russian).
19. Yartseva V. N. Lingvisticheskiy entsiklopedicheskiy slovar’ [Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary]. Moscow: Sovetskaya entsiklopediya Publ., 1990. 685 p. (in Russian).
Issue: 4, 2024
Series of issue: Issue № 4
Rubric: LINGUISTICS
Pages: 58 — 67
Downloads: 3