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| 1 | Chulym Turks are an indigenous people group inhabiting the middle flow of River Chulym in the Tomsk Region and Krasnoyarsk Territory who were officially recognized only in 2000. Some scholars claim the Chulym Turks to be part of the Khakass people, however, this is not considered justified (see works by A. P. Dul’zon, E. L. L’vova etc.) due to this becoming an excessively generalized grouping of ethnic groups detached historically and quite differing linguistically. There are several criteria possibly satisfying the demand for identifying an indigenous group: etymology of (last) names, sociological characteristics, language, etc. Nevertheless, the Chulym Turkic linguistic varieties have never been normalized, the system of writing has not been introduced which strongly hinders the ‘objective’ analysis of the quality of language use among the community. Moreover, the questions on language use in the All-Russian censuses of 2002 and 2010 demanded answers based on the population’s self-estimation only and did not provide a specification of the terms used (especially regarding language). The author suggests that the term native language (Russian родной язык) used in the questionnaire of the censuses actually implies a traditional ethnic language whereas the population’s understanding of the former term makes direct parallels with the original lexeme from which the term native (Russian родной) is derived: a ‘clan, family, kin’. Thus, when claiming the Chulym Turkic language to be a native language the respondent must not necessarily have reflected the language they were fluent at, while their selection of nationality (Russian национальность) may have been the result of preference in favor of this or that community with a strong economic and social motivation. In this light, the author believes that the drastic decrease of the Chulym Turkic population from 656 in 2002 to 355 in 2010 is accounted for the transformation of ethnolinguistic selfidentification rather than any ‘natural’ reasons. Keywords: Chulym Turks, ethnos, identification, ethnolinguistic self-identity | 1296 | |||||
| 2 | Analysis of the distribution of genetic haplogroups reveals the homeland of these groups and clarifies the direction of migrations of the genetic ancestors of the modern Samoyedic and Yeniseian people. This article examines migrations of ancient Samoyeds and Yeniseians based on the analysis of Y-chromosome markers. The main male haplogroup of Samoyeds is a genetic haplogroup N1b. Ancient Samoyeds migrated from Sayan to the Lower Ob region along the Yenisei River. Samoyeds then migrated from the north to the south along the Ob River. These results are thus, a confirmation of the so-called Sayan theory, according to which Sayan region is a place of origin of Samoyeds. Ancient migrations of Yeniseian people are marked by haplogroup Q1a3. This group is represented with a frequency of 84% in the gene pool of Kets. Genetic ancestors of Kets migrated from Sayan to the north along the Yenisei River. In their majority, Selkups also share the haplogroup Q (66.4%). Thus, the core component of the gene pool of Selkups is the component that is related to that of Kets. Genetic ancestors of Selkups are ancient migrants from the south of Central Asia (Tajikistan, Turkmenistan). Reconstruction of ancient migrations of Samoyeds and Yeniseians suggests that haplogroup Q1a3 could be present in the Samus culture and other cultures of the Middle and Upper Ob. Genetic data correlates well with the archaeological and linguistic methods. Conclusion. The use of genetic data can more accurately identify the ancient migrations of the populations and verify various existing hypotheses based on linguistic and archaeological data. Keywords: genetics, archeology, Samoyeds, Yeniseians, Selkups, Samus culture, crestdimple pottery culture, haplogroups, Ob region, Western Siberia | 832 | |||||
| 3 | Visual Anthropology is a modern dynamic interdisciplinary "industry" of the humanities, based on research experience in the field of ethnography, sociology, history, cultural phenomenology, phenomenology of religion, social psychology, aesthetics and semiotics. The subject of visual anthropology is a set of visual presentations of social and cultural communities and traditions. In the interests of visual anthropology we get all available visual fixation and transmission of social and cultural forms of expression of meaning. Visual images take up a significant segment of the culture as a social-communicative system. Currently, the image has become a leading medium of expression and transmission of important information. "Visual turn" in the culture, which is associated with the focus shift from the semantic aspect of the image to its syntax, is recorded and described. Human ontology and culture fundamentally transformed in connection with this turn. The question about the "correctness" of the image disappears because of the elimination of its referential parameter. The image is now measured not by fidelity of reality, but on the effectiveness of its impact on the recipient: the priority shifts from its identity to its functionality. Since the entire anthropological reality is concentrated in this sort of images, the attitude to reality becomes technical, manipulative. Visual anthropology is actively formed as an integral research discipline, the focus of which is on visual acts - human action or set of actions (both synchronous and consecutive), relating to the visual image, i.e. is an active, aimed at the production, broadcast and use of a visual image. Limiting activation of visual culture sector determines the relevance of research in visual anthropology and makes it one of the most dynamic areas of contemporary humanities. Keywords: anthropology, culture, visual image, the visual turn | 748 | |||||
| 4 | The article deals with the stylistic device metamorphosis and peculiarities of its representation in Selkup fairy tales and world mythology. Metamorphosis together with hyperbole and metaphor is one of the most ancient and effective stylistic devices that is widely used in different folklore and literature genres. In modern linguistics this stylistic device is not thoroughly investigated. Moreover, there is no common point of view on the nature, grounds and motivation of metamorphosis. Every fairy tale and myth is a complex folklore work that contains all plot constituent parts, characters with their speech peculiarities, philosophic/instructive conclusions. Many aspects of fairy tales discourse need detailed linguistic study. Selkup fairy tales (for example, folk tales of Narym Selkups, the Parabel region fairy tales) and different ethnic myths (Aztec, Native American, Greek) served as the basis for linguistic research. During the analysis of folk and mythological plots the author determines ways, reasons, character and motivation of metamorphoses that happened with people/objects involved in the narration. Metamorphoses have different functions in mythological and fairy tales discourse, i.e. the mean of plot-building, way of revealing hero’s character or manner of creating emotional tension (climax). The grounds of transformation can be the following: “magical escape” motive, motive of turning into stone, touching or eating magical things, putting on/off skin of birds/animals. Metamorphoses that lead to the creation of animate as well as inanimate (toponyms, landscape parts) objects are considered in the article. The modern interpretation of metamorphosis in world literary tradition is analyzed. Keywords: metamorphosis, stylistic device, the Selkup language, Selkup fairy tales, world mythology, folklore, transformation, plot, motive | 747 | |||||
| 5 | The relevance of the topic is defined by the ongoing discussions currently taking place in Germany on the correlation of national and European identity levels of Germans. The scientific novelty of the approach presented in the paper is defined by its addressing to the problem of attitude of the German society towards “the recent historical past” and its influence on the transformation of national self-consciousness of Germans within the frameworks of European identity formation. The conventional historiography considers the problem of German’s attitude towards “historical succession” while the author pays attention to the problem of “collective guilt” of German nation for the crimes of Third Reich, also considering the issues of “separated German nation” while existence of German Democratic Republic and Federal Republic of Germany. The article demonstrates the direct influence of the problem of overcoming the historical past on the transformation of national and formation of European identity levels of Germans. The evolution of German nation concept and the concept of historical policy before and after separation of Germany is considered in a close relation with the process of building the European identity, German intellectual elite and government being its main actors. The specific properties of the mentioned processes are also peculiar to western and eastern Germans as well as the influence of world society on these processes. The conclusion is made about the formation in present Federal Republic of Germany the careful policy of updating the national identity of Germans and consolidation of German nation within the frameworks of universal principles of legal state and values of European democracy. Keywords: National identity of Germans, the German nation, European identity of Germans, historical memory, historical policy | 739 | |||||
| 6 | Ancient settlement Shelomok is situated to the south of Tomsk city, on the right side of the river Tom. It occupies a separately standing isolated hill between villages Anikino and Kolarovo. The artifact is multi-layered and dates to the late Bronze Age, early Iron Age, Middle Ages. The ancient settlement occupies almost the whole top of the isolated hill that has steep slopes. On the least vulnerable side, there are artificial consolidations in the form of a pit and two earthworks. The artifact is an action-packed history of study. In 1888 the settlement and findings from its territory were mentioned for the first time, 125 years have passed since that moment. Regular archeological excavations are being performed here since 1944, but they picked special intensity at the end of 1970s – the beginning of 1980s. As of today, the collection from this site is estimated at thousands of items, but, unfortunately, the materials were published only selectively and had never been issued as a whole. Evidence of iron works production is of particular interest, as it allowed the researchers to reconstruct the technological processes of the Middle Ages. In 2011–2012 exploratory works on the artifact were carried out, aimed to survey the data on the current state of the site. Geographical position was plotted and survey of the isolated hill was performed by laser scanning, administered by experts of Tomsk Polytechnic University using Leica Scan Station C10. Keywords: archeological studies, Tomsk TransOb region, ancient settlement, laser scanning | 724 | |||||
| 7 | Comparative studies of two or several languages are a priority of the modern linguistic science. Such studies help discover similarities and differences in the structure and functioning of the languages under study, which in turn may serve as a basis for typological generalizations. There is a tendency to cover all the levels of language structure as well as every single phenomenon, although no such multifaceted comparison has been completed for a concrete language pair so far. Along with some other linguistic phenomena, those of text and discourse still remain to be explored. The main constituent of discourse is the speech act that follows the rules and principles of speech behavior inherent to a given language community. A key component of the speech act is represented by illocutionary force which characterizes the communicative intentions of a speaker and embodies the communicative function of an utterance. Various means of expressing every concrete illocutionary act can be represented as a field. Examination of this field allows us to discover how frequent and prototypical each single means realizing a given utterance in the language is. The field principle has proven to be a productive means for revealing relations existing in the lexical-semantic and grammatical system of language. The article introduces a new type of field, the communicative-pragmatic field, intended for the analysis of linguistic realization of communicative behavior of interactants. The first part of the paper defines the place of the field in question among other types of fields, and describes the principles of the organization of the field as well as its structure and composition. The aim of a communicative act or its illocutionary force is regarded as a dominant that provides a possibility to consolidate all possible speech act realizations with a given illocutionary force in a language into a field. Thereby “communicative-pragmatic field” is understood as the totality of utterances realizing the same illocutionary purpose and the same strategy of communication. The second part discusses the main principles and peculiarities of the linguistic analysis based on the communicative-pragmatic field approach through the example of several speech acts. It also presents some communicative-pragmatic fields in Russian-English and Russian-German comparison. Special attention is focused on the place of performative utterances and indirect speech acts in the composition of different communicative-pragmatic fields. As a rule, performative verbs and utterances are generally regarded as prototypical forms of the realization of a certain illocutionary purpose. The results of the investigations however support the conclusion that the role of performative utterances in the expression of an illocutionary force depends on the speech act class and speech act type. It is possible to distinguish three types of coherence: 1) illocutionary act can be realized only by means of a performative verb (ex. christen, excommunicate etc.), 2) performative utterances are prototypical for the realisation of the illocutionary act, but besides there are many other means to express it (ex. excuse, promise, thank etc.), 3) illocutionary verb denoting the aim of the action can never be used as a performative one (ex. threaten, deceive, offend etc.) | 703 | |||||
| 8 | One of the major systemic features of a part of speech is its numerous and diverse overlaps of different categorial functions. On the other hand, a set of forms, organized into a paradigm of a part of speech, is not a closed inventory as the forms of a particular part of speech interact with the forms of other parts of speech. Apart from common functions, each category features an extensive «covert» set of functions which can potentially be realized as long as it is allowed and required by the holistic architectonics of the paradigm. The gradual disappearance of some categories and emergence of others is always paralleled with redistribution of functions of each category. The paper focuses on the interrelation of the grammatical category of mood with the category of tense and, more generally the convergence processes in temporal and modal reference, as well as interrelation of modality and aspect. The study is accomplished in a diachronic and typological perspective which allows revealing numerous overlaps of the corresponding categorial functions of different members of a verbal paradigm as well as diverse categorial shifts emerging in the process of language evolution. The «substitutional» function of grammatical forms (e.g. the indirect modal interpretation of the indicative forms, the indirect modal interpretation of aspect constructions, or, on the contrary, the indirect Aktionsart interpretation of the modal forms, etc.) arising from the general principle of the categorial convergence is a crucial factor. | 697 | |||||
| 9 | This paper examines Sakha causative and passive, focusing on double-accusative causative and impersonal passive. With regard to Sakha causatives, it is pointed out that the case-marking of causee is related to the type of causation meant. Double-accusative causatives are possible in Sakha. Additionally, Sakha allows impersonal passives, which are derived from both transitive and intransitive clauses. The unexpressed agent in impersonal passives must be human. Double-accusative causative is impossible in most Turkic languages other than Sakha, but possible in almost all Tungusic languages. Therefore, it is highly probable that Sakha doubleaccusative causative has developed through contact with Tungusic languages. In contrast to double-accusative causatives, impersonal passives are not possible in Tungusic languages but found in other Turkic languages. Thus, it is unlikely that Sakha impersonal passives have developed through language contact. Keywords: Sakha, valence, double-accusative causative, impersonal passive, language contact | 665 | |||||
| 10 | The verb ‘to give’ belongs to the group of the so-called ditransitive verbs. The verb's behaviour can firstly be investigated based on the argument structure, that is how the recipient and the theme, i.e. the object, are coded by the language. Secondly, this phenomenon can also be studied regarding the form of the verb. This work will focus on this point of view, but the form of the two arguments will also be discussed. There are two verbs with the meaning ’to give’ in the Samoyedic languages. Despite the distinction in meaning there is a strong tendency in the distribution of the two verbs determined by the person of the receiver, which is well reflected in the reconstruction of the verbs. A distribution similar to the one in Nganasan can be detected in the Enets, the Nenets and the Selkup languages. Keywords: Nganasan, Selkup, ditransitive construction | 661 | |||||
| 11 | The paper discusses the types of toponym formation of Selkup settlements of southern and central dialectal groups of Selkup. The analysis is based on more than 200 stationary Selkup settlements (yurts) which were found in the area of the Middle Ob in the second half of XIX – early XX centuries. The information about Selkup names of settlements was obtained from the publications of A. F. Plotnikov (1901), S. K. Patkanov (1911), V. Nagnibeda (1927), C. Papae (1952; the data collected in 1888), E. G. Becker (1965), as well as geographical maps of the period and unpublished sources: the data from church parish registers and the field notes of the author. Four major types of toponymic models of place-name formation and the areas of their distribution are defined. Two main toponymic areas approximately coincide with the boundaries of settlements of chumylkup (common formants -kynak, -nak, karamo) and syussykum (-kanet / -gayet, -dabu, -anga). For the area of the chumylkups it was found that the place names of the river basins of the Kenga (namely, upper and middle), the Chizhapka (lower and middle) and the Tym (upper and lower) are particularly similar in structure. Along the Ob there can be found areas with the attested suffix -n, and the adjective suffixes -l/l’ (in chumylkup) and -j (in the area of the southern dialects). In addition, the microarea identified with the suffix -sa / -tsa (without added nomenclature terms ed or et 'settlement') was outlined – the area along the Ob (between the mouths of the Parabel and the Tym). The identification of toponymic areas will allow researchers to speak more convincingly about the migration of various Selkup groups within their domesticated territory, and will provide the opportunity to draw ethnohistorical conclusions about the process of the development of the Middle Ob. Keywords: Selkup, Middle Ob, local groups, stationary settlements, settlement names, types of toponym formation, arуфы of distribution of toponymic models | 661 | |||||
| 12 | The article deals with word motivation in the dynamics of language according to the data of a psycholinguistic experiment. The experiment was intended to analyze motivation of herbs names in the view of their linguistic development. There were chosen 23 Russian herbs names (names of wild herbaceous medical plants growing in the Western and Eastern Siberia), which were analyzed and classified depending on their motivation before the experiment. Respondents were to answer the question “Why do you think these plants have such names?” during the experiment. There were asked 54 respondents. 1242 given responses were determined into seven groups after the analysis of experiment data. The further study considered the amount of responses in each group. Thus all the chosen herbs names tend to be both motivated and not motivated. 12 of them show features of remotivation, lexicalization of the inner form of the word and demotivation. 11 names show small or no features of any dynamic motivation changes. No names have features of neo-motivation or idiomatic changes. It should be also noted, that some motivation features were not considered during the experiment and so need further studies probably appealing to other languages. Keywords: motivation, motivology, motivational features, nominational features, herbs, remotivation, demotivation, lexicalization, inner form of the word | 653 | |||||
| 13 | This article provides and overview of Key morphological traits in Ket and other Yeniseian languages (Kott, Yugh). It first identifies and describes several key features inherited from Proto-Yeniseian (polysynthetic prefixing verb structure, possessive prefixes, phonemic tones). Next it discusses other features that arose or were influence areally by prolonged contact with the surrounding suffixal agglutinating languages (case suffix systems, encliticization of possessive prefixes, repositioning of the finite verb’s semantic head toward the verb word’s leftmost edge). Finally, five morphological features are considered that appear to be anomalous from a typological perspective as they cannot be shown to have been inherited from Proto-Yeniseian in their present functions yet also cannot have arisen through language contact. The features in question are: thematic consonants occupying verb agreement slots, seemingly redundant plural suffixes on verbs, sporadic plural agreement suffixes on adjectives, sporadic pluractional markers on infinitives, and irregular ablaut noun plural formation). Each of these traits is shown to have arisen due to metathesis between originally labial and non-labial segments. In some cases, the metathesis triggered secondary morphological reanalysis, as when original adjectival or infinitival derivational suffixes were reinterpreted as plural or pluractional markers due to homonymy with a common noun plural suffix, or when an original thematic consonant in verbs was reinterpreted as the homonymous inanimateclass agreement marker when it metathesized into that marker’s morpheme position. Keywords: morphological typology, areal traits, Proto-Yeniseian, inherited traits, metathesis, reanalysis | 647 | |||||
| 14 | The paper reviews the analysis of the key aspects of Khanty sacrifice ritual (exemplified by Yugan Khanty group). 1) Addressees of the sacrifice: general deities (Katl’ ‘Sun’, Myx Anki ‘Mother Earth’, etc.); local deities (Jagun Iki ‘Oldman of Yugan-river’, Evut Imi ‘Devine Oldwoman’, etc.); home deity lunk. 2) The subjects making the sacrifice: ritual initiator; actors (masters of ceremony, leading actors, general actors, passive attendees); special role is played by the keeper of the deity. 3) Depending on the category of deity, the ritual is can be held: at any location, in the wood, near the water, at the vicinity of a particular settlement, at the sacred place of the deity, inside the sacred shed (ambarchik), inside the dwelling, etc. 4) The timing of the sacrifice ritual depends on the category of the deity, on the lunar cycle, on the life circumstances, other factors. 5) Types of sacrifice ritual: treatment - Pory; sacrifice of animals – Jir; giving of the objects. 6) Sacrificial treats. During the sacrificial treatments of the deities Pory, regular food and wine is offered. During the Jir, the meat of the sacrificial animal is boiled. Gifts to the deities include: clothes, scarfs, coins, garments for the deities, etc. 7) Actions: placing of the gifts at the location of the ritual; sacrifice of the animal; addresses to the deities; nods and turns following the Sun; partaking of the food and drinks. The analysis is based on the field data collected by the author in 1970s – 1980s. The paper closes with the sketch description of the exemplar ritual. Keywords: Khanty, sacrifice ritual, key aspects, exemplar ritual | 646 | |||||
| 15 | The article contains the review of V. N. Basilov’s scientific activities and complete bibliography of his works. V. N. Basilov was one of outstanding Russian ethnographers. He made an enormous contribution to religious studies, especially to early forms including shamanism studies. His works (“Shamanism among the peoples of Central Asia and Kazakhstan”, Moscow, 1992; “Chosen by Spirits”, Moscow, 1984; “Cult of Saints in Islam”, Moscow, 1970; “What is shamanism? ” EO, 1997, № 5, etc.) have become classical. He also worked in other academic subjects, as the organizer and promoter of new areas of research. For almost all his life he was connected with the IEA. For a couple of years V. N. Basilov was a member of editorial boards of Etnologitcheskoje Obozrenie (EO) and Annual Field studies of IEA, in 1971–1978 he was the Academic Secretary and since 1987 up to 1998 – the Head of the IEA Central Asia and Kazakhstan Reseach Center. Besides he was one of those who had organized the exhibition “On the Silk Road, nomadic peoples of Eurasia” (1981–1982, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1989 – in Japan, Finland, Sweden and the United States of America); participated in the voyage on board of “Dmitri Mendeleev” to the Papua New Guinea and then published seven articles and essays based on collected matherials. He published over 30 articles in special editions (encyclopedias and handbooks on history, social and culture anthropology еtс.) and those appeared in on a wide range of readers. The range of scientific interests of V. N. Basilov cover traditional cultures of Central Asia and the Caucasus, nomadic culture, problems of ethnogenesis and ethnic processes, history and development of dwelling, place and prospects of social and cultural anthropology in modern society. Based on a large body of field data and on profound knowledge of sources and literature his works still have great theoretical and methodological significance. | 644 | |||||
| 16 | This article continues a series of research on a lingvocultural originality of Tomsk regional infosphere. The infosphere is understood as the actual communicative space of the region accumulating a variety of information streams bearing the sociocultural importance. The operational units of the infosphere are discursive practices. Discursive practice is the certain social practice realized in speech behavior of the audience. Minority discursive practice is a reflection of communicative activity of the small communities united by one or several extralinguistic factors. For example, the discourse of literary creativity of young residents of Tomsk is defined by a factor of creative socialization; discourse of political opposition – a protest factor; discourse of the small and corporate press of oil-drilling territories – an economical factor; discourse of elite factor – a factor of a social originality. The texts of minority discourses are especially challenging for the analysis of the daily speech of the regional society. Research on the daily speech and not main discursive phenomena allows making analysis of a linguistic picture of the world in its unity and a variety more polyphonic and deep. Relevance of the research on regional discursive practice is also defined by the identification of the regional participation modes for the various sociocultural formations. This causes the distinctness of the region, in comparison with other territories. The study of texts of certain discursive environments as forms of self-presentation of the regional society variants, cognitive and communicative mechanisms for formation of the regional, and more widely sociocultural, self-identification represents an actual problem of a modern linguoculturology and regional linguistics. Keywords: minority discursive practice, regional infosphere | 639 | |||||
| 17 | Wedding ceremony is a complex set of customs and rituals, where we can find not only the social and legal norms of the present, but also preserved remnants of earlier stages of development. Development of native ethnography occurred in two ways: on the one hand, the actual material was accumulated in ethnography of peoples of the USSR, often only of a descriptive character and on the other hand, at the same time, the theoretical foundation for such research was developed. In the course of work on identifying the specific features of traditional wedding rituals of Tomsk Tartars, we tried to find the specific features of this ritual of microgroups, which formed the group of the Tomsk Tatars (Eushtins, Chats, Kalmaks). The authors who then described the rituals of different groups of Tatars (N.A. Tomilov, R.C. Urazmanova, F.T. Valeev) had no information about it. The information is sketchy. In our description of a wedding ceremony of microgroups of the Tomsk Tatars we employed field data, which was collected by the author of the paper in 2009–2012. We determined the following specific features of the traditional wedding of the Kalmak: plots of land were sometimes offered as the ransom of bride. «To pay» the ransom was hard, which was the reason for the long gap between the matchmaking and marriage; after wooing young couple a year or two; marriage portion was prepared after the matchmaking; the wedding was held the day after nikah; the wedding feast took place in the House of the bride. The Chats are marked by the following characteristics: horse races were held during a wedding celebration; when the bride was transported to her husband, bride wore a lot of clothes. The Eushtins: cradle conspiracy was spread very scarcely; a young couple could get acquainted by themselves. Thus, it becomes obvious that each microgroup had its own set of characteristic features in conducting the wedding ceremony (or a combination of sets), but to identify them in full requires further research and this has not yet been accomplished while writing this work, because these parts are missed in sources. By the way, over the last two or three centuries, microgroups fused into a united «Tomsk» group, and they established a common set of wedding ceremonies. However, the informants still have the memories of a specific character of a ritual. It is clear that this question requires further collection of data and additional comparative analysis. In conclusion, the Tatar culture consists of a variety of local options – Siberian (Tyumen, Tobolsk Tatars), Kazan (Kazan, as well as Chepeck, Perm). Materials were collected by the previous researchers and, first of all, N.А. Tomilov and the contemporary field data shed light on the «Tomsk» version of the local culture of the Tatar people, as manifested in the wedding ceremonies. The traditional wedding ceremony of Siberian Tatars was formed under the influence of the Kazan Tatars, so in the ritual area of «Siberian» (Tomsk, Tumen-Tobolsk) local varieties there are a lot of common features with the wedding ceremony of the Kazan Tatars. Keywords: Tatars of Tomsk region, wedding rituals, microgroups | 637 | |||||
| 18 | The bronze buckle from the burial mound Cherdashny Log III is a unique find for the early medieval Western Siberia. The authors give a detailed description of the plot with multiple characters, special attention is paid to the stylistic features characteristic of small plastics of the early middle ages. Further there is the emphasis on the position of a seated man in the center of the plaque. Apparently, the oriental sitting posture with the crossed legs is typical in numerous artifacts of the early iron period – a more archaic feature. This posture could be seen in the figures of warriors – heroes – kings, for example on the decorated coin from the female Sarmat burial, one of the Kobjakovskij mound (the outskirts of Rostov-on-Don), on the handle of a bronze mirror from the elite Sarmat burial mound оf the I cent. CE within the Sokolova burial on the southern Bug river, on the bone artifact originating from the Kalalygyr-2 settlement on the left-bank Khwarezm, on the coins of the Indosaka rulers Maues and Azes II (I cent. BCE – I century CE), on the coins of the Kushan kings Kudzhila Kadzif, Vim Kadzif and Khuvishki of the I–II cent. CE. These analogues testify to the Iranian roots of the central figure of the bronze buckle from the Chardshnyj Log III. There are also a set of analogues in the Celtic tradition. The paper analyses the semantics of the buckle from the Cherdashnyj Log. Based on this semantics the threeworld structure can be argued: the Upper, the Middle and the Lower world. Based on the burial inventory, the buckle itself originates from an elite burial event. One of the hypothesis regarding the buckle’s role – is the co-reference with the dead hero – the progenitor, demiurge – as a connecting element between the worlds. Keywords: middleages, early iron, Indo-Iranian world, bronze buckle, elite burial | 632 | |||||
| 19 | In article is represented the result of the analysis of a place of an accent in Vasjugan dialect on the archive collected by L. I. Kalinina in the 50–60th years of the XX century. It appeared that the rule of accent place depends on a part of speech. In verbs and pronouns the accent is paradigmatic, and its place depends on affix type. In names the accent is fixed on the first or second syllable. Accent fixing for certain vowels, probably, happened for a long time when vowels of the first syllable in east dialects still kept Proto Khant quality. If in the first syllable of the word were narrow vowels, the accent became fixed on the second syllable, in other cases – on the first syllable. Thus, the Vasjugan system of an accent has unique character: in a name and a verb two various types of an accent are presented: in a verb – paradigmatic, in a name – fixed depending on phonemic structure of a word form. Keywords: Vasjugan dialect, accent, language history, phonetic, archive data | 615 | |||||
| 20 | For centuries, linguists have been interested in the possibility of a genetic relationship between Siberian and Native American languages. In 1968 in his fundamental work “The Ket Language”, A.P. Dulzon wrote: “The Ket language being the most studied in the group of Yeniseian languages has a very complicated and peculiar verb morphology system. This system has many typological correspondences in its main features with the verb morphology system of Basque, Burushaski, many Caucasian languages and Native American’s languages” (Dulzon 1968). This paper focuses on common problems connected with the extinction of the Ket language and the current sociolinguistic situation in areas where Kets currently reside. Work on recording, processing and digitalizing archived language data performed at the Department for Siberian Indigenous Languages of Tomsk State Pedagogical University is also described below. The paper concludes with a linguist’s point of view on the hypothesis of Dene-Yeniseian relationship and also a lay-person’s point of view on it. Keywords: Ket language, sociolinguistic situation, language shift, linguistic corpus, Dene-Yeniseian Hypothesis | 610 | |||||
| 21 | This article aims to provide an overview of the proprietive suffix -TAJ in Khalkha Mongolian, and to reveal some aspects of the suffix. Firstly, we survey its characteristics and related expressions, with reference to descriptions provided in the literature. Secondly, it is claimed that the proprietive suffix, which has been classified as a derivational suffix, also shares some characteristics with inflectional suffixes. Thirdly, we explore the relationship between the proprietive and comitative suffixes, one topic that has long been under discussion in Mongolian studies because discrimination between (or the identification of) the two suffixes is not easy due to their identical phonological shape. Fourthly, some semantic characteristics of the derivatives formed by attaching -TAJ are pointed out, focusing in particular on the semantics of the base. Finally, a possible analysis of sentences is presented where derivatives using -TAJ such as xereg-tej “it is necessary that” and jos-toj “ought to” appear in the final position. Keywords: derivation, inflection, possession, comitative, lexical integrity, auxiliary | 601 | |||||
| 22 | The paper examines means of expression of the inchoative in Russian Sign Language. It has been shown that the inchoative can be marked both morphologically and lexically. The choice of inchoative marker is determined by verb’s aspectual class and singleness/iteration of event. The beginning of single event can be expressed by the sign STAND (for statives) and by the sign BEGIN (for activities or accomplishments). The beginning of iterative event can be marked by the sign BEGIN or by the context (structure ‘before it was X, now it is Y’). The most regular markers of the inchoative are verbs BEGIN, BEGIN1, STAND. The verb BEGIN is labile phase verb, in other words it can convey meanings ‘to perform the first or earliest part of some action’, ‘to come into action’. The verb STAND develops the meaning ‘become’ under the influence of Russian spoken language; this sign is basically used as inchoative verb. The sign BEGIN1 conveys special type of inchoative meaning: the action is characterized by further development and improvement. Morphological means of expression of the inchoative are suppletive forms and modification of sign. Most of the modifications contain moving hand or fingers up which is the realization of typical conceptual metaphor ‘beginning is up’. Morphological marking inchoative is not very productive in Russian Sign Language: only few signs have suppletive and modified forms. It is pointed out that synthetic forms of the inchoative are used only for marking beginning of the single situation. Marking inchoative in Russian Sign Language is not obligatory since this meaning can be extracted from context. When context is not enough it can be specified by sign now and structure ‘before it was X, now it is Y’. Keywords: Russian sign language, inchoative, phase verbs | 599 | |||||
| 23 | This article tells about an interesting linguistic document of the 1930s. The notebook of Leningrad’s post-graduate student Serkina deals with Ket texts and other data. Serkina wrote her notebook during her seminars with a talented Soviet scientist Grigorij Korsakov. Korsakov began to study Ket in the middle of the 1930s. He went to the expedition to Turukhanskiy district of Krasnojarskij kray. But this notebook is the single surviving data because Korsakov died in the siege of Leningrad. Keywords: Ket, Grigorij Korsakov, history of linguistics | 597 | |||||
| 24 | Kulemzin V. M. . // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2013. Issue 1 (1). P. 125-128 . | 588 | |||||
| 25 | The article describes some of the interjections and modal words of the Khanty language. These are the modal words and interjections, which can act as parenthetical components of the sentence. The article also elucidates the other distinctive feature of this category of words: they convey expressiveness, emotionality, subjective modality. Examples are given from the texts in Kazym and Wakhovski dialects of the language. For Kazym dialect there is also the material, which is recorded by the author. It is noted that in the Khanty language, there is a certain group of introductory words, which are mainly the modal words, though not any. These are those modal words that point to the degree of reliability of reported information, express certain emotions or attitudes, serve for establishing and maintaining contact, characterize a train of thought, point to information source. In Khanty, these are words like ałpa ‘evidently’, sorni χătł ‘what a happiness!’, vante ‘look!’, śŏχtijn ‘however it is possible!’, nεš ‘(it) appears’, etc. In the description of the isolated examples of interjections and modal words in Khanty it is registered that their entry into the phrase as an additional (“accumulating”) semantic component is typically emphasized. Especially it concerns interjections, which are defined as unchangeable words serving for the expression of emotional and strongwilled reactions to reality. As for semantics, it is also noted that interjections regularly enter into the structure of fixed collocations and phraseology units. It is revealed that these collocations have mainly expressive character. The data from informal conversations appear to confirm the main conclusions of the author. Keywords: language modality, subjective modality, interjection, modal words, parenthetical components, Khanty (Khanty language) | 587 | |||||
| 26 | The paper discusses the history of research on Nganasan shamanism of the period from the 18th century till present. The works on shamanism written by Russian and foreign ethnographers, linguists, musiclogists are studied. Dating back to the 18th century, the works of researchers and travellers mentioned shamanism in Samoyedic cultures. The detailed description of data on shamanism is found in the works of A. F. Middendorf, A. A. Mordvinov, P. I. Tretjakov written in the 19th century. The consistent ethnographic study of Nganasan shamanism dates back to the end of 1920s and was performed by Soviet researchers. Andrey Alexandrovich Popov described the rituals of the “Clean Chum”, documented the stages and procedures of the rituals, discussed the shaman rituals in the cultural context, and provided illustrations of the shaman’s clothes and artefacts. In 1978 during the fieldtrip Yurij Borisovich Simchenko collected and later published photo, video and text data of the Nganasan shaman rituals which are of great value. The research work of Galina Nikolaevna Gracheva focuses on shamanism in the context of old Nganasan beliefs about mothers of nature. In the 1990–2000s Nikolaj Pluzhnikov and Jean-Luc Lambert studied shamanism in the perspective of folklore texts (stories about shamans). The published catalogues of the museum collections of Taimyr Local Lore Museum, Museum of Ethnography on Lama Lake are a valuable source of ethnographic data. The linguist E. A. Helimski and the folklore researcher N. T. Kosterkina first published the texts on shaman rituals in Nganasan. Ethnomusicological research on shaman rituals of the Nganasans was performed by O. E. Dobzhanskaya. Unfortunately, at present the decline in shaman practices of the Nganasans is observed. The immediate heirs of shamans, who preserved the immitation forms of the shamanic activities, passed away in 2011–2012. In conclusion it should be noted that the Nganasan shamanism as a cultural phenomenon attracts interest of young researchers who participate in the conferences in Norilsk and Dudinka. The research topic is still strong and relevant which gives hope that there will be works focusing on the new forms of shamanic beliefs and rituals persisting in the modern life of the Nganasans. Keywords: Nganasans, shamanism, shaman rituals, shaman beliefs, researchers of shamanism | 582 | |||||
| 27 | The article deals with the informativeness of a nonce word as the main principle of the nonce word creation process. The informativeness of a lexical unit is treated as the information which the sign contains (Galperin I.). The value of the information received from the lexical unit can be acquired from such parameters as its frequency of occurrence (the more unique the unit the more valuable the information is) (Martine A.), from its form (some models of word formation are more marked iconically than others, also from its semantics. According to those parameters nonce words can be considered of great informative value due to their uniqueness, combination of formal and semantic characteristics, expressiveness and axiological value. The nonce words under consideration are taken from the works of world-famous British writer Sir Terry Pratchett, who is widely known as a master of wordplay. The chosen nonce words can be examined as examples of word formation potential models dwelling specifically on the mechanism of their creation and functioning. Having analyzed some of the examples it can be suggested that the informative value of a nonce word is of great importance during the creation process. The nonce word can influence the Recipient through the uniqueness of its form which is often the violation of a certain norm (for example, the norm of combination of phonemes or morphemes). The nonce word may function as an expressive and emotional center of the utterance due to its originality and sometimes articulatory complexity as well as unnaturalness. The amalgamation of elements (formal as well as semantic) make the nonce word highly loaded semantically combining separate meanings of parts of a complex word and mixing them with enforced expressiveness and often ironic connotation due to iconically marked models of word formation. All those characteristics make a nonce word a valid choice for a Speaker to express a new idea which probably had no verbal equivalent so far on the one hand, and on the other hand this new creation possesses all the elements to influence and persuade the Recipient. Keywords: word formation, nonce word, informativeness, model, expressiveness | 582 | |||||
| 28 | 579 | ||||||
| 29 | The paper deals with the ethno linguistic discourse of some proper names of medieval origin from the perspective of cross-cultural and cross-linguistic contacts of the two types of ethnoses – the nomadic pastoralist and non-nomadic. The proper names are considered to code intercultural specificity of the ethnic mind, as well as to reveal the crosscultural peculiarities inside the semantic field of onyms. Keywords: Nelyudsky Ostrog, Nerchinsky Ostrog, Nikan Tsarstvo, Chinese Gou-Go, “dog-headed” people, Nicans, “gromovnik”, Konursky tribe of Tungus, nonhumans/ half-people, State Archive of Zabaikalsky Kray, fratrial names of kets Kentan or Khanta | 579 | |||||
| 30 | The work is the result of investigations of the author of the problems of nonclassical anthropology. The author proposes introduction to a new field of interdisciplinary investigations and projects – anthropoetics. It is a centaurnotion, consisting of two parts, subject elaborations. The first is elaborating nonclassical anthropology, the building of the new ontology of human being in the situation of shift of ontological identity. The second is the elaboration of the autopoesis method, describing practices of transformation of human being. Keywords: anthropoetics, autopoesis, cultural practices, anthropology, anthropotechnique, anthropopractice | 577 | |||||
| 31 | The XXVII International coneference “Dulzon Readings” was held at the academic library of Tomsk State Pedagogical University on 28–29 June 2014. Traditionally the International Series of Conferences “Dulzon Readings” covers a wide range of topics: typological studies of the languages of Russia, Germanic and Romance studies: linguistic, ethnographic and archeological studies of national minorities of Russia with a special focus on the indigenous languages and culture of Siberia: phonetics and phonology, morphology, lexical studies, syntax, pragmatics in synchronic-, diachronic- and areal perspectives; ethnography and archeology of Siberia; documentation of endangered languages, their revitalization and ethnic minority education. In 2014, the conference strived to facilitate interaction among young scholars, as well as to support local typological research, paying special attention to the studies of languageinternal and -external factors in the evolution of language and cultures, individually and in interaction. As such, in 2014, most of the presentations of the current and perspective research projects dealt with such issues as: – aspects of system-internal variation and evolution of grammar of individual language systems (aspects of grammaticalization) in lesser-studied languages of Russia (especially Finno-Ugric, Samoyedic, Yenisseic, Altaic); – cultural/social context of language evolution; – general and unique aspects of contact interaction in the evolution of languages and cultures; – inter-disciplinary studies of endangered languages and cultures; – theory, methodology and technology of documentation of linguistic and cultural diversity; – studies in material and cultural anthropology of Siberia. Theoretical framework, terminology and methodology of research as well as the scope and depth of the existing studies vary to a great extent. The “XXVII Dulzon Readings” aimed to ensure the productive interaction of the theoretical approaches, methods and terminologies and to provide the extensive empirical data essential for the development of this research field. | 574 | |||||
| 32 | The system of cultural codes of human communities and the mechanisms of self-determination of the individual human beings in them has long been problematic. This is a everyday life problem for a person. This is also a problem for the researcher, whose interests lie in the existential properties of human nature. The essence of this problem can be summarized as a permanent interaction of three antagonistic processes. The first – the formation of cultural skills from early childhood, which are fixed at the level of reflections. The second – the formation of cultural skills for the communication in other cultural environments. And the third – the aspiration to preserve own unique “Ego” with respect to any culture. The paper investigates the possibility of capturing in archaeological material of not only the information about the large societies (archaeological cultures or cultural-historical communities), but also the information about individuals, albeit nameless ones. The hard canons of traditions suppress individuality, but can in an unexpected way highlight it. It may occur in an attempt of self-identification of a man, who found himself in another cultural environment, through proprietary codes. For example, an unusual object in the grave is a sign of personal history. Or if the subject is from another culture, the burial complex with quite ordinary objects may represent the sign of intravital psychological and cultural duality of the buried. The buried who as such has not been released from the memories of the culture lost. Hypothetical constructs in the paper are based on the facts of inclusions from other cultures in the funeral complex of Alakul repository Mitan in Central Kazakhstan. Keywords: cultural code, archaeology, funeral complex, ceramic, existence, self-identification | 561 | |||||
| 33 | The research project deals with the analysis and description of the semantic category of location and motion in the Ket language using the approach advanced in the framework of the Theory of Functional Grammar as advanced by A. V. Bondarko and his research team. The investigation uses a notion of locative construction which includes three basic components: the object being localized (Figure, in L. Talmy’s notation), the reference object, or landmark (Ground) and spatial relations between the former and the latter. The semantic types of locative constructions based on the static and dynamic types of spatial relations, and topological and non-topological characteristics of spatial relations have been distinguished. The analysis of the basic language means of expressing spatial relations in Ket which include lexical items (motion and posture verbs, locative adverbs), grammatical items (case markers, locative postpositions), incorporated, and syntactic means (simple and polypredicative clauses) has been done. The research project examines the locational and directional markers on the components of static and dynamic spatial situations which include case markers, locative postpositions and adverbs differentiating essive, allative, elative and prolative meanings. The idioethnic specificity of marking spatial relations has been shown. The specificity consists in double subject marking of motion verbs, possibility of deriving transitive causative motion verbs from the corresponding intransitive motion verbs by adding one more subject agreement slot containing a subject marker which is co-referent with the subject marker of the original intransitive verb, the availability of incorporated motion verbs, аmong others. The notion of the non-verbal predicate as understood by Kees Hengeveld is proposed to be applied to the Ket material. The principal means of marking non-verbal predicates which involve personal and non-personal predicative suffixes are considered. The classification of the structural types of non-verbal locative predicates has been accomplished. As a result, the personal-predicative and non-personal-predicative predicates have been identified. The former are represented by substantive, substantive-postpositional, pronominal, pronominal-postpositional, adverbial predicates as well as some spatial nouns, and the latter – only by substantive-postpositional predicates. Keywords: Ket language, Theory of functional Grammar, static situations, dynamic situations, different-level means of coding spatial relations, non-verbal predicates | 561 | |||||
| 34 | The paper reviews the history of the church of Trinity in the village (yurts) of Ivankino, which is one of the first orthodox churches in Narym trans-Ob area. The opening of the church in the native (Selkup) population area marks the intensification of the Christianization of the middle-Ob Selkups in the XVIII century. The account summarizes the archive data supplemented by the field materials of the author concerning the church. Keywords: church of Trinity, christianization, middle Ob selkups, Ivankino yurts | 553 | |||||
| 35 | Хантыйский язык представляет собой диалектный континуум. Не только носители диалектов, находящихся на противоположных и наиболее удаленных друг от друга точках континуума, но также носители диалектов одной диалектной группы не понимают друг друга. Представленная исследовательская работа направлена на документацию и описание находящегося на грани исчезновения васюганского диалекта хантыйского языка, на котором говорят ханты Томской области. В настоящее время насчитывается менее десяти носителей данного диалекта, свободно владеющих родным языком. Представлен анализ сложных предложений в васюганском диалекте, которые подверглись синтаксической реструктуризации под влиянием длительного и интенсивного языкового контакта с носителями русского языка. Изменения синтаксиса сложных предложений наблюдаются в порядке слов, финитном/инфинитном придаточных предложениях и в использовании средств подчинительной связи, что представляет собой случаи грамматической конвергенции. Название статьи предполагает, что грамматическая конвергенция является проявлением языковой аттриции в речи отдельных носителей васюганского диалекта. Keywords: восточные диалекты хантыйского языка, сложное предложение, стратегии образования определительных придаточных предложений, языковой контакт, грамматическая конвергенция, языковая аттриция | 551 | |||||
| 36 | A possessive noun phrase in Nganasan is composed of a possessor and a possessed. In adnominal possession constructions, the possessor always precedes the possessed. The relationship between the modifier (the possessor) and the head (the possessed noun) is encoded by possessive suffixes on the head and/or a Genitive case suffix appearing on the possessor. The structure is head final, i. e. the possessor precedes the possessed. The possessor is a noun or a pronoun. It is characteristic for possession expressed through a predicative construction that the sentence obligatorily includes a verbal predicate. This group can be further divided into sub-groups. In Nganasan appear the so-called transitive constructions (have-possessive), and a construction that is essentially based on an existential construction. Keywords: Nganasan, possessive | 551 | |||||
| 37 | The article deals with the research of a secular and sacral role of river in the linguistic world-view of the Selkup ethnos. The article studies the names of river in the Selkup language dialects and semantic types of hydronyms; analyses space orientation connected with river; describes a mythopoetic image of river in the language and folk tradition of the Selkups. The Selkup language dialects have a large number of water bodies’ names, which contain information on their form, size and location. The structure of hydronyms has the information on form, landscape and size of water bodies, availability of fish, birds and wild animals and connection with religious beliefs. The Selkup language contains adverbs characterizing space orientation regarding the course of a river: up and down (the stream), and adverbs characterizing the direction of movement in water to the coast and direction of movement on the coast to the water. River is the most important spatial reference for the Selkups and one of the focal points in the space. In the Selkup mythology river plays a role of an “axis” of the universe and world-view, which penetrates the upper, middle and lower worlds. Ethnographic and linguistic data prove that the Selkups perceived river as a living being. The role of river is manifest most representatively in the lexical unit qwej ‘river’, which is used to denote any river and completely coincides in form with the word ‘breath’. River is a source of life, spatial reference, universe model and a live being for the Selkup people. Keywords: Selkup language, universe model, linguistic world-view, river, hydronym, space orientation | 549 | |||||
| 38 | The given article addresses the problem of negation of interrogative and negative pronouns and adverbs in Vakh and Vasyugan dialects of Khanty. The thesis that in these dialects of the Khanty language there are no independent negative pronouns and adverbs, and there are only functional equivalents in the form of negative structures is put forward. The article also gives a brief description of similar phenomena in other eastern dialects of the Khanty language. At the end of the discussion, the functional equivalents of negative pronouns and adverbs1 are considered from the point of symmetry/asymmetry, as well as from the perspective of typology of denial. Keywords: pronouns, adverbs, negation, grammaticalization, Siberian endangered languages, typology | 546 | |||||
| 39 | The paper reviews the grammar of negation in two endangered indigenous Uralic languages of Western Siberia: Eastern Khanty and Southern Selkup. These languages have remote genetic affiliation falling respectively within the Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic branches of the Uralic language family. At the same time, they are characterized by the situation of extended cultural and linguistic contact, co-inhabiting the area of middle Ob river flows, particularly in the Parabel and Kargasok districts of Tomsk region. Both languages2 are also characterized by comparable sociolinguistic status of extreme endangerment, numbering less than 10 speakers. The main focus of the discussion is the morphosyntactic, semantic and pragmatic features of negation. The key objective is to place the data and analysis of negation in the two systems into the general typological context, into local areal Siberian and into genetic Uralic perspective. From the typological standpoint Eastern Khanty and Southern Selkup syntactic negation strategies demonstrate consistent overall symmetry in accordance with the dominant SOV wordorder tendencies. There are, however, special cases of asymmetric strategies associated with non-standard negation, existential negation and negation with indefinite/negative proforms. Keywords: отрицание, селькупский, хантыйский, Сибирь, асимметрия | 545 | |||||
| 40 | Kolyma Yukaghir does not have a verb equivalent of the English ‘have.’ Instead, for the expression of predicative possession, it uses proprietive verbs derived from nouns by affixation of the suffix -n’e/-n.’ This paper describes and analyzes proprietive verbs in Kolyma Yukaghir. Particular attention will be paid to their semantic and pragmatic characteristics. After overviewing the derivation and syntax of proprietive verbs, I will discuss the semantic variations they can have, depending on the types of relationships that obtain between possessors and possessees. I will also discuss a pragmatic characteristic of their main clause use in terms of information structure, which contrasts with existential clauses. Keywords: Kolyma Yukaghir, proprietive verb, predicative possession | 542 | |||||
| 41 | The paper reviews possession in the eastern-most Khanty dialects with less than half a dozen speakers remaining. The analysis stems from extended fieldwork data and legacy data archived at Tomsk Department of Indigenous Languages of Siberia. The main purpose is to discuss the key morphosyntactic and semantic features of possession based on available data and approached within a conventional theoretical and methodological framework. This will allow integration of the data and analysis into the debates regarding possession from the areal Siberian, genetic Uralic and wider typological perspective. Keywords: possession, Khanty, typology, Siberia | 537 | |||||
| 42 | This paper examines morphosyntactic and semantic characteristics of the proprietive suffix -LEEX of Sakha (Yakut). The suffix -LEEX is highly productive and has a wide-ranged usage: the resultant form functions as adnominal phrases or predicates (i. e., predicative possession) as well as noun phrases or adverbials. Semantically, the suffix -LEEX denotes not only simple possession, but often implies special connotation. When the base nouns is human, the proprietive expresses kinship relation, accompaniment, or approximate plural. When the base is a concrete noun, the proprietive often denotes ‘possession at that very moment’ as well as simple possession. When the base is an abstract noun, the proprietive denotes either a person characterized by that noun or a permanent or temporary property of humans or things. The proprietive construction may overlap the comitative construction or the existential construction. Although the proprietive suffix -LEEX has been described as an adjective-deriving suffix in the literature, this suffix shows some idiosyncrasy that ordinal derivational suffixes do not have. For example, suffixation after a plural suffix or directly to a verbal noun is possible with the suffix -LEEX. In addition, the paper examines the morphosyntactic characteristics of the abessive that is semantically contrastive but is not always symmetrical to the proprietive. Keywords: Sakha, possession, proprietive, lexical integrity, abessive | 534 | |||||
| 43 | The paper deals with the form behavior (i.e. morphological characteristics) of the word forms of quality, object and material, local and temporal, and process semantics that carry out the function of the actant’s attributes in closely related Udmurt and Komi languages. The analysis is based on the “word form grammar” approach suggested by A. P. Volodin. Qualitative semantics is primary for the specified functional grouping. In the Permic languages the word forms of this semantics are characterized on the formal level by the absence of agreement in number and in case with nouns they qualify. At the same time the paper analyzes some cases of agreement of attribute word forms in the Udmurt language. The following morphological feature of attributes is the category of the degrees of comparison which in the Permic languages is expressed by means of special suffixes. As for the so-called class markers of the actant’s attributes, it should be noted that in Permic there are no regular markers which would allow to distinguish the specified word forms from word forms of other classes on the morphological level. Udmurt attributive word forms of qualitative semantics often easily carry out both the function of the actant’s attributes and the function of the predicate’s attributes without changing their form. In the Komi languages the tendency to distinguish the actant’s attributes and the predicate’s attributes with the regular marking of the last is observed. Further the analysis of attributive word forms of “secondary” semantics (object and material, local and temporal and process) is carried out and it is observed that: (1) the Permic attributive word forms of object and material semantics do not accept any specific markers and act in the main form frequently forming composites; (2) the Udmurt attributive word forms of local and temporal semantics also act in the main form whereas in the Komi languages the specified word forms tend to be marked by specific markers; (3) the Permic participle forms as the actant’s attributes are distinctly marked by a regular marker. Finally, it is concluded that despite close relation of the Komi and Udmurt languages, the specified languages demonstrate distinctions in form behavior of attributive word forms. Keywords: Udmurt, Komi, attributes, morphological markers, Permic languages | 533 | |||||
| 44 | The paper is based on the analysis of the archeological, archival and written sources obtained by Andreas Dulson in 1954 as a result of excavations of the Ostjak Mountain burial site, at Molchanovo village in Tomsk region. Archival and archeological data are kept at Tomsk Local Lore Museum. Andreas Dulson dated the burrials as the XVII century and attributed them to Selkups of Shepets volost. The paper focuses on the reconstruction of Selkup costume – head-wear, plait decorations, waist-bands, and other costume decorations. Keywords: Andreas Dulson, archive of Tomsk Meseum, XVII century, burial at Ostjak Mountain, clothes, Selkups | 531 | |||||
| 45 | 530 | ||||||
| 46 | The article represents ethnographic fieldnotes. Heathen rites performed by members of the Mari expatriate community of Saint-Petersburg and the Leningrad region during a Mari feast are described in it. The latter is devoted first of all to the presiding deity of the Mari pantheon Kugu Yumo. Autumn prayings of the Mari people are confined to the end of the main agricultural work and are principally aimed at sharing the harvest and the animal yield with the presiding deity for ensuring good luck in the following year. The rites presented in the article correspond generally to the descriptions of the Mari heathen rites made earlier in the areas of compact settlement of the Mari people. The description and some elements of the interpretation of the entourage are provided in the article. For instance, the author of the article describes the so-termed “gate” («ворота») through which people are intended to come to the sacred hill, as well as the sacred fire, the altar, the general dress of the priest (called kart (карт) in the Mari language) and of his assistants. The ornaments on the towels hanging over the altar are described and interpreted. Besides, some rules working at such an event (concerning, for example, taking photographs or participating in the proper prayings) are mentioned in the article. There is a quite detailed description of the rite of sacrification, of preparing the ritual meal, of the personal and common prayings. Some illustrations consisting of photographs from the event are also provided by the author. Keywords: Finno-Ugric studies, Mari culture, religion, paganism, prayings | 526 | |||||
| 47 | Not only in modern research on indigenous languages, but also in the national languages with centuries-old traditions until recently there are contradictory opinions on formation of the numeral class into a content word. A wide diversity and variety of forms is noticed, deviations from the inflections are noticed. Besides, in understudied languages a variety of forms for the same numerals beyond the limit of the first ten is observed. The article is devoted to the functions, which cardinal numerals from 1 through 7 take in folklore and household texts and how the numerals are objectified in linguistic worldimage of the Kets. Material of the Ket folklore and household texts corpus, consisting of 30 texts (about 1100 sentences) served as a basis for this research. The numerals’ etymology is not covered by the report (see Werner, 2006 as per etymology). The numerals from 1 through 7 can be noticed in the Ket texts very often: qoˀk (AN) / qūsʲ (INAN) ‘one’ – 15 cases of use; ɨ̄n ‘two’ – 15 cases of use; doˀŋ ‘tree’ – 9 cases of use; sīk ‘four’ – 9 cases of use; qāk ‘five’ – 5 cases of use; ā ‘six’ – 3 cases of use; oˀn ‘seven’ – 2 cases of use. Besides reflecting the exact quantitative characteristic, the numerals perform some other functions: the numeral qoˀk (AN) / qūsʲ (INAN) ‘one’ is used as an indefinite article; ɨ̄n ‘two’ and doˀŋ ‘three’ can be noticed in word combinations with the word deˀŋ ‘people’ and acquire a cumulative meaning ‘twain’, ‘threesome’; sīk ‘four’ and qāk ‘five’ can be observed in a complex substantivized combination. All the numerals can be a part of an attribute. There is a cumulative context consisting of 6 elements in one text. The even numerals have a connection with evil spirits: ɨnˈitaŋ – ‘two-teeth’ (Kajgus’); sektaɣantuːsʲa ‘four-fingered’ (Kolbasam); ˀasʲɨk qoj ‘six year old bear’ (in the fairy tale it struggles with the main character’s grandmother). The odd numerals are closely connected with the world-view of the Kets, their cosmogonical ideas and their customs. The world, according to visualization of the Kets consists of three parts – the upper world, consisting of seven layers; the middle world, washed by seven seas; the lower world, which consists of seven subsoil caves. According to the Ket’s beliefs a man has seven souls, one of them is the main. The odd numerals can often be noticed in rituals, e.g. marriage: during the third meeting, the fiancée’s relatives agree to the marriage, after the marriage, the bride should live at her parent’s tent for three days. The fact that the cardinal numerals from 1 through 7 can be found in the texts often, is defined by the needs of the language speakers, their cultural and cosmogonic concepts of the world. Keywords: the Ket language, cardinal numerals 1 through 7, functioning of the numerals in folklore texts, sacral meaning of numbers | 525 | |||||
| 48 | The article concerns the description of relevant characteristics in conceptualization of the atmospheric precipitation (rain, snow) in the Russian language and in the Selkup language. There are series of the lexemes representing atmospheric precipitation in Russian and in the Selkup dialects. These various lexemes represent different rain characteristics, the dynamic of the precipitation (the beginning/ the end, intensification or abatement). In the Selkup language, semi-suffixes are used to represent the precipitation components, while in the Russian language suffixes are used. Such suffixes are normally the means to code singular, on the other hand, they are used to denote the form and size of the object. The different precipitation stages are objectified in the Russian and in the Selkup languages with the help of the verbs of motion. The usage of the verbs of motion with inanimate objects is not common for Taz dialect of Selkup, while in the central and southern Selkup dialects the verbs of motion are combined freely with the lexical units denoting precipitation, which is also true for Russian. The precipitation intensity, the size of the drops, the dynamics, the duration and the amount of precipitation are the most relevant characteristics of the rain, snow and hail in linguistic conceptualization of Selkup and Russian speakers. The falling snow is opposed to the fallen snow in the Selkup language. The contemplative attitude to precipitation, seen as possibly influencing the emotional state, is more common for the Russian cultural frame. Keywords: atmospheric precipitation, worldview, conceptual characteristic, Selkup, Russian | 520 | |||||
| 49 | 520 | ||||||
| 50 | This paper focuses on linguistic categorization which involves the study of roles of various linguistic items in the process of categorization of the world. Metaphor plays a significant role in categorization of the world as it manifests the process of thinking. G.Lakoff and M.Johnson made a major contribution to the development of the theory of categorization and designed the theory which offers a consistent description of metaphor as a cognitive mechanism and demonstrates a potential in applied studies. Each metaphor has a source domain, which is concrete and athropocentric, and a target domain. In this paper the functioning of metaphors is discussed based on the data of Selkup, one of the indigenous languages of Siberia, in which man and body parts are the most common source domain. The theory of schemas developed by G. Lakoff is one of the foundatations of cognitive linguistics. G. Lakoff focuses on the following conceptual schemas: container, partwhole, source-path-goal. In the present paper the functioning of these schemas is discussed based on Selkup data. The Selkup data show that anthropocentrism is characteristic of the language and human body is the main source domain for metaphorical expressions. This project has two prospects for further research. On the one hand, it is the study of anthropomorphic metaphors – linguistic expressions which are drawn from the source domain of human body and emotions. On the other hand, the Selkup language contains a great number of naturomorphic metaphors the source domain for which constitute animals and plants. Keywords: cognitive linguistics, conceptual schema, metaphor, Selkup language | 516 | |||||