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MEANS OF EXPRESSION OF THE SUBJECT IN CLAUSES WITH VERBS OF MENTAL ACTIVITY IN THE KHAKASS LANGUAGE // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2016. Issue 1 (11). P. 36-44

The article deals with the identification and description of the basic means that represent a subject in verbal constructions of mental activity in the Khakass language. The authors give semantic characteristic of subjects that agree with the verbs of particular semantics and analyzes the most important semantic roles of the subject in theses verbal constructions. The functions and the names of these roles are determined by paradigmatic and sintagmatic specifics of the syntactic constructions of the analyzed language. In all the cases explicating intellectual activity, emotional experience, behavior, perception, speaking the subject is characterized as an animate, active figure with mental (anthropological) features. In the Khakass language the name representing the subject is most often acts in the form of the Nominative case (and this is basically a proper name): Чоохты алыстырарға кирек, – хабын салған Евсейка ‘It is necessary to change a topic of conversation, – said Evseyka’. Though personal pronouns take actively the position of the subject, first and second person pronouns, singular and plural, are not used in the constructions (the category of person is expressed by the verb). Third person pronouns are often used in the position of the subject's not to repeat the name. The name of the subject in the Khakass language can be also expressed by Locative case and Directive case. Оолахты школада матап хырысханнар ‘The boy was strongly criticized at school’. Both cases have principles of semantic restriction of the verbs according to the expressed action. The subject in the Directive case may denote organizations and establishments: Синi институтсар хығыртчалар ‘You are called for to the institute’. The article concludes about the form of the subject and the features of the syntactic constructions with the subject name agreeing with the verbs of mental activity.

Keywords: .

CONCEPTUAL SPACE УЙАТ “SHAME TO BE ASHAMED” IN THE KHAKASS LANGUAGE PICTURE OF THE WORLD // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2017. Issue 1 (15). P. 44-51

In this article on the example of a lexeme уйат “shame to be ashamed” and its derivatives are considered how concepts “shame”, “conscience”, “shyness”, “shame” in the Khakass language picture of the world work. It is established that уйат “shame to be ashamed” is a concept more likely social and ethical: the active use of connecting combinations (уйатха сух- “to dishonor; letters to thrust into shame” and уйатха кир- “to dishonor; letters to enter into shame”) demonstrates that the responsibility for violation the subject of moral ethical standards lays down also on his relatives and relatives. Semantics of the word уйат joins a shade of the concept “conscience”, however at realization it is represented difficult to part these two values. We consider that such picture developed in a type of the fact that in the Khakass emotional sphere the shame before society surpasses the idea of individual rational judgment (conscience).

Keywords: Khakass language, a concept, уйат “shame to be ashamed”, a lexeme, the subject, a language picture of the world

STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC PARADIGM OF KHAKASS PHRASEOLOGY COMBINATIONS OF TYPE NAME + SAL- "TO PUT" AND NAME + TUT- "TO HOLD" // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2018. Issue 2 (20). P. 64-74

The article is devoted to identification and structural-semantic, functional description of phraseological combinations coding negative characteristic of the person in the Khakass language. In particular, the lexical units formed by collocations of nouns as dependents and auxiliary verbs are analyzed. In the Khakass language, two types of such combinations are widely used: Noun + sal- “to put”, and Noun + tut- “to hold”. It is revealed that auxiliary verbs as part of phraseological combination are the element organizing subordinate relation with a noun. Semantic component determining final sense of a combination is the noun. These verbal-nominal collocations belong to the Khakass colloquial expressive lexicon. In spoken speech, the following type is often seen: Togyn! Köjtіgiŋ salba! – “Work! Don't be cunning (lit. don't lay down [the] cunning)!” Or: Aniŋ, minі köp salganda, іdіrgegi tut sihhan – “When he saw me, he became irritated”. The difference between them consists in character and degree of expressiveness. In the use of collocations with sal- “to put”, light degree of manifestation of sense is expressed, actions of the subject don't cause too negative reaction: Honchiim salchigin salcha – “[My] neighbor quarrels”. A noun + tut- “to hold” combinations express stronger sense of a state affecting in some way another subject: Katya, ibzer kilgende, sajin sal sihhan – “Katya, having come home, I went into a hysteria”. We consider these collocations phraseological combinations as they are independent, semantic steady and indecomposable units, and introduction of additional verbal components in their structure is impossible.

Keywords: Khakas language, collocations, verb, subject, name, connotation, expression, evaluation

KHAKASS PERIPHERAL VERBS OF VISUAL PERCEPTION AND THEIR LEXICAL CORRESPONENCES IN OTHER TURKIC LANGUAGES // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2019. Issue 4 (26). P. 78-91

The article is devoted to the identification and description of the differential features of the semantics of peripheral verbs with the meaning of visual perception. In this subgroup, we classify seven Khakass verbs expressing various aspects of the visual act, of which four verbs have lexical correspondences in other Turkic languages. In the course of semantic-cognitive analysis of the material, the common and distinctive features of these verbs are revealed. Thus, it has been revealed that the lexical correspondences of the Khakass verbs хара- «watch closely; observe», пахла- «peep, peep» in other Turkic languages (for example, Turkish, Azeri, Tatar, Bashkir, Kazakh) have an extensive semantic structure and as a result of the development of ambiguity, they can demonstrate a weakening of the original perceptive trait in subsequent secondary values. The verb хара- / кара-, in addition to perceptual designation, indicates other spheres of human activity, for example, in the Azerbaijani, Karakalpak languages, this verb has the LSW «to obey». In the Tatar, Bashkir and other languages, this verb, due to its frequency of use, assumes the modal meaning «try». The semantic components of the verbs characteristic (according to our observations) for the Khakass language are also analyzed. In the Siberian Turkic languages, these verbs in their lexico-semantic variants (LSV) usually retain perceptual semo, only tuv.: каракта- and tof.: қарақта- show the semantic shift in terms of the cognitive relation of the visual and mental processes. According to our observations, the characteristic verses for Khakass were: хылчаңна-, хайбағын-, marked with sema «[watch], turning the head» and verb аңды-, the actualizing sign of focus and concentration of the visual act.

Keywords: khakass language, Turkic languages, verb, visual perception, meaning

PERIPHERAL COMPONENTS IN SEMANTICS OF BASIC PERCEPTIVE VERBS КÖР- «LOOK» AND ИС- «LISTEN» IN THE KHAKASS LANGUAGE // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2020. Issue 3 (29). P. 80-91

The article analyzes the semantic structure of the basic perceptual verbs кöр- «look, see» and ис- «listen» in the Khakass language. In particular, peripheral components of their semantics that are not reflected in dictionary interpretations, which are formed by the ratio of grammatical and semantic elements, are identified and described. It is established that the considered basic perceptual verbs of the Khakass language represent the peripheral part of the conceptualization of visual and auditory perceptions, which has semantic, associative and cognitive features. Grammatical indicators clarify and add certain shades to the semantics of the verb. The correlation of grammatical and meaningful components in the semantic structure of the verb кöр- «look, see» is systematized in syntactic constructions that convey evaluative statements on the part of the speaker (кöрдек аны…). As an introductory word, this verb forms constructions expressing fear and caution from a negative situation; punishment with a touch of categorical; threat and warning that the speaker is ready to respond to unwanted actions of the enemy. The disclosure of relevant grammatical and meaningful forms in the structure of the verb ис- «listen» is not fixed by us. However, much less frequently than the verb кöр- «look, see», he can introduce a construct that describes a perceptual situation or a fact that is a reliable persuasive argument of the speaker being right. Most often, the verbs кöр- «look, see» and ис- « listen; hear» are often used in the form of appeals to visual and auditory perception. Thus, the considered basic perceptual verbs of the Khakass language represent the peripheral part of the conceptualization of visual and auditory perceptions, which has semantic, associative and cognitive features.

Keywords: Khakass language, basic perceptual verbs, communicative act, speaking, semantics

THE IMAGE OF A HARD WORKING / LAZY MAN IN THE KHAKAS PROFILE WORLD VIEW // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2021. Issue 2 (32). P. 79-92

The article is devoted to the linguoculturological examination of Khakass proverbs and sayings in order to identify and describe the image of a hardworking / lazy person in the Khakass proverbial picture of the world. The material for analysis was about one hundred units of paremias with the corresponding semantics, collected by the author, mainly from the collection “Хыйға сöс. The Wise Word” (2014), also for the comparison there are the paremias of other nations. It is revealed that a hardworking person in the Khakass language consciousness is a reliable, conscientious, diligent, thorough worker. Thanks to his hard work, he provides food for himself and his family. In the paremias describing labor as a source of wealth, a unit of чағ “salo” is usually present. The image of a lazy person is marked by evaluations signs such as stupidity, a tendency to sleep, a sedentary lifestyle, an empty, aimless waste of time, living and eating at someone else's expense. However, in the popular consciousness it is not perceived at all as a hopeless and lost person, as proverbs display, warning about the negative consequences of laziness, and have an educational character. Moreover, the Khakass attitude to the manifestation of laziness is severe and uncompromising, and we have not recorded a single paremia justifying this human vice. Paremias constitute a separate layer, revealing the contrasting evaluative characteristics of two types of people — hardworking and lazy, which allows listeners to clearly perceive the implicit instructive codes of folk wisdom. We believe that the conceptual space of a hardworking / lazy person in the Khakass language has good cognitive and linguocultural potential for future research.

Keywords: image of a hardworking / lazy person, proverbs and sayings, folk wisdom, concept, content, Khakass language

CONCEPTUAL SPACE HAPPINESS IN TURKIC LANGUAGES OF SIBERIA // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 1 (35). P. 92-105

The article is devoted to the identification and semantic-cognitive description of basic lexemes in the Turkic languages of Siberia, included in the conceptual space of happiness. The selected framework for considering the object of research, referred to as a conceptual space, we understand as a set (or conceptual content) of a set of interrelated linguistic and cultural entities, which represent a certain integrity in the conceptual sphere of the language and, in particular, in the consciousness of the linguistic personality. The material for the article was the data of bilingual dictionaries of the studied languages, as conceptual components of the conceptual space of happiness. It was revealed that most of the lexemes we have considered, representing the concept of happiness, are of Mongolian origin: yak: дьол / tof .: чол / soyot .: ҷол; tuv .: кежик, аас-кежик / alt .: кäжик / shor .: кешик; hak .: чырғал / tof .: чыргал / kirg .: жыргал / alt .: jыргал etc. Significant aspects of happiness are success / luck / luck, also expressed in Mongolian borrowings: alt .: мöр / hak .: мöрій; well-being, pleasure: тuv. чыргал / hak .: чырғал. Shor, Tofalar and Altai equivalents of this lexeme show a semantic change towards the concepts of “abundance of food”, “fun”, “feast”, “treat”. Interlanguage equivalents of vocabulary are analyzed from the point of view of the etymological transformation of semantics and their universal and distinctive fragments are revealed. Often the absence of happiness or good luck (тuv.: аас-кежик чок “unhappy”; hack: талаан чох / часка чох “unhappy”; alt .: ырыс jок “unhappy”) is very close to the concept of fate (fate, share). The conceptual space of happiness in the Siberian Turkic languages, as well as in other languages of different structures, is a complex and multi-layered formation that has no clear boundaries.

Keywords: siberian turkic languages, mongolian borrowing, dictionary definition, happiness, conceptual space, lexeme

Mongolian Borrowings in the Text of the Khakass Heroic Legend “Албынчы” // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2023. Issue 1 (39). P. 73-85

Like other Siberian Turkic languages, the Khakass language is characterized by an abundance of Mongolian borrowings due to the centuries-long contacts of its speakers. In the texts of the heroic stories, most of these words have been preserved, even those that are no longer actively used. Based on the semantic, morphological, phonetic, and etymological criteria for selecting the Mongolian loan vocabulary described in the works of famous linguists – typologists E. V. Sevortyan, V. I. Rassadin, B. I. Tatarintsev, A. V. Dybo, and others – we have managed to identify Mongols in the text of the Khakass heroic legend “Албынчы”. However, the question of the Mongolian origin of some of them is still open. This article analyzes the nine most frequent lexemes in the language of the heroic sagas from the functional-semantic, etymological, and comparative points of view, of which four lexemes are used in the modern Khakass language in a somewhat modified semantic version. Translation examples of Mongolian borrowings from the heroic legend “Албынчы” served as material for the article, for the analysis of which data from lexicographic sources were used. It turned out that all the Mongolian borrowings we considered exist not only in the Khakass language but also in other Siberian Turkic languages and the Kyrgyz language. However, if some of these words are preserved only in the Khakass texts of the heroic legends and in the Khakas-Russian dictionary [2006], then their equivalents are used in the active vocabulary of other languages, for example, арға “1) strength, dexterity; 2) method, means, reception”. It has also been noted that polysemantic Mongolian words have generally passed into the Khakass language (and other Siberian Turkic languages, as well as the Kyrgyz language) only in their primary meanings; some of them have developed figurative meanings in the modern Khakass language, e.g., хуйах “protection; intuition” In the semantic-functional scheme, sentences with Mongols are not characterized by a particular variety of syntactic links, as active clichéd expressions are built into them. Also, the semantics and phonetic appearance of the considered mongolisms in the Khakass language do not show significant changes.

Keywords: Khakass language, heroic legend “Албынчы”, Mongolian borrowings, lexeme, etymology, semantics, functioning

The Vocabulary Related to Livestock in the Khakass Language (Comparative-Contrastive Aspect) // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2024. Issue 2 (44). P. 70-83

The thematic group of livestock vocabulary in the Turkic and Mongolian languages is an extensive layer of the lexical system of the language. It includes words naming domestic animals and characterizing their sex, age, breed, color, food, body parts, territories, husbandry, and grazing. In the classification system, these words are divided into different semantic subgroups. The richest group consists of the names of animals that express their gender and age characteristics. The relevance of studying this layer of vocabulary arises from the fact that in connection with the development of modern technologies, the once rich composition of livestock vocabulary is narrowing, as a result of which many words have passed into the realm of archaisms, especially the names of horse harnesses. In relation to the horse – the faithful companion of the nomad - the Turkic and Mongolian peoples have developed an extensive network of terms since ancient times. Using the Khakass language as an example, we have shown that compound words are active in this environment, which are represented by the combination of a common name with a determiner, e.g., улуғ мал (cattle), іргек сосха (hog or male pig), ине хой (sheep or Ewe); сібет адай (Pug or Dwarf dog). Certain types of domestic animals are also designated by combining basic terms with adjectives, participles, and substantival nouns. Data from bilingual dictionaries and etymological information on certain terms from the works of famous linguists – typologists – were used as linguistic material on the Mongolian and Turkish languages.

Keywords: livestock vocabulary, Khakas, Turkic, Mongolian, languages, semantics, comparison