Absalyamova Yuliya Alikovna, Aminev Zakiryan Galimyanovich, Migranova Elza Venerovna ABOUT THE CHARACTER OF THE BASHKIR MYTHOLOGY AZHDAHA // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 4 (38). P. 84-94

In order to reveal the image of the Bashkir mythological figure Azhdaha, we compare him with similar figuresin neighboring and other peoples and try to identify the roots of his appearance in the region. We show and describetwo images of the Bashkir Azhdaha – a fairy-tale, dragon-like appearance and a mythological, serpent-likeappearance. The study is based on the authors’ field material, information from Bashkir folklore, and comparativematerial on Turkic-speaking and Iranian peoples. Azhdaha is known among the Bashkirs in two images: in the epicsand fairy tales, he is represented as a multi-headed dragon, and in various religious beliefs, he is a mythologizedserpent that has reached enormous proportions after a hundred-year life. The presence of many similar featuresamong other peoples of Eurasia suggests that his image evolved in the general Eurasian channel. The dragonitself is a later mythological figure, which is a further development of the image of the serpent, which had an ambivalentcharacter in the representations. Among the Bashkirs, both images – the serpent and the dragon – werecalled by the same name – azhdaha, which has an Iranian etymology and goes back to the Avestic mythology.At the same time, both are negative figures associated with the element of water. Azhdaha, from different beliefs,represents a long-lived serpent, in our opinion, reflecting the transformation of a serpent, which originally hadno clear negative character, into a negative character that harms people. The development of the fabulous and epicazhdaha took place separately, and its image is generally closely associated with the literary tradition of the East.His image is less uniform – he may be many-headed and have the ability to fly, breathe fire, and guard a watersource, or a treasure, mountains appear in the place of his slain body. Close to the first serpent/dragon from thelegends, which are preserved only in records from the XIX – early XX centuries. He was a huge serpent whoserestlessness forced the local population to change their residence.

Keywords: azhdaha, dragon, serpent, mythological character, Bashkirs

Pokrovskaya Sofia Vladimirovna FOCUS AND ITS PROSODIC MARKING IN UPPER LOZVA MANSI // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 1 (35). P. 46-55

This paper considers the information structure in the Upper Lozva dialect of the Mansi language in correspondence to the concept of focus. After a brief presentation of the ULM and its prosody intonational patterns are described within a syllable, words of different syllable structure, on the material of isolated sentences and sentences in discourse. Audio material recorded by the author were analyzed in PRAAT. F0 movement was selected as an acoustic feature of prosodic marking of the informational structure. A comparison is made between neutral and logically stressed sentences. Neutral intonation is characterized by a gradual increase of pitch to the predicative core followed by decline of pitch. Topic is marked by an even tone on the stressed syllable. Rhema is marked by a significant increase of pitch within a stressed syllable. The concept of “focus” is substantiated on the basis of its description in the literature on the topic. Next, the analysis of the marked chunks is performed. The intonational marking of a wide and narrow focus is investigated. Argumental and predicate foci are distinguished; a hypothesis is proposed about the absence of prosodic marking of sentential focus. The description of focus structures with additive particles and under negation is provided.

Keywords: information structure, pragmatics, focus, discourse, prosody, intonation, minority languages, uralic languages, mansi

Faizullina Guzel Chahvarovna, Tychinskikh Zaituna Aptrashitovna, Faizova Liliya Kharisovna Tobolsk Bukharans of Komarovsky Yurt of Tobolsk Province According to Birth Registers of the 19th – early 20th Century // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2023. Issue 1 (39). P. 141-155

This article analyzes the socio-cultural peculiarities of the Siberian Bukharans in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The analysis is based on the material of handwritten mosque books of Komarovsky yurts in Bukhara Volost, Tobolsk province. The authors transliterated and translated the Muslim metrical (mosque) books “On a Note to the Born, on Marriages, Divorce, and Deaths” into Russian. The transliteration and translation of the old Tatar texts bring new source material into scholarly circulation. It is shown that the metrical books contain unique information. This information and some other sources allow one to consider in detail and comprehensively the socio-historical and linguistic nature of the Muslim population of Western Siberia. It turns out that the structure of these documents is uniform and corresponds to the generally accepted standards of the historical period under study. The authors of the Muslim metrical records were imams serving in local mosques. This is evident from the records in the books of marriages and divorces. The Muslim metrical books of the Komarovskaya Mosque preserved information for 27 years, from 1835 to 1852 and 1854 to 1862, during which Suyujbaki b. Gabdelgaziz was the imam of the Komarovsky Yurts. The authors present some facts about the biography of the decreed Imam and compile his genealogy. It turned out that the two books on births and marriages allow us to determine the ethnic and class structure of the studied population in the 19th century. These categories are given in the mosque books of the Komarovsky Yurts and include soldiers, Yazak Tatars, Bukharians. It is typical of the designation of the population of Bukhara that in these handwritten documents, the lexemes bukhartin (бухартин) and sart (старт) are used as equivalents. The authors note that some elements of the regional dialect are recognizable in the transfer of phonetic features of pronunciation of personal names in the graphic design of the word (devoicing) and vocabulary (dialectisms).

Keywords: Tobolsk province, Bukhara volost, Komarovskie yurts, Bukharians, mosque books, birth register, decreed Imam Suyujbaki b. Gabdelgaziz, linguistics and cultural studies

Burnakov Venariy Alekseevich THE HORSE AS A CELESTIAL BEING IN THE RELIGIOUS AND MYTHOLOGICAL REPRESENTATIONS OF THE KHAKAS (LATE XIX – XX CENTURY) // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 2 (36). P. 105-117

The veneration of the horse is one of the bright and widespread phenomena represented in the traditional culture of many peoples engaged in horse breeding. Khakas are no exception. In their minds, this animal was endowed with a positive characteristic, which was due to the involvement of the horse in almost all spheres of human activity. The horse was an indispensable assistant in economic activity and the military sphere, the fastest and most reliable means of transportation, a source of meat and dairy products and various raw materials, etc. At the same time, the respectful attitude was not limited to a purely utilitarian value. The sacralization of the image of а horse was also influenced by the people’s faith in its heavenly nature, which contributed to the formation of a special ritual associated with it. The purpose of this work will be to characterize the horse / horse as a religious and mythological character in the traditional worldview of the Khakas associated with the sky. The chronological framework of the work is limited to the framework of the late XIX – XX centuries. The choice of such time limits is determined by the state of the source base on the research topic. Ethnographic and folklore materials, both published and introduced into scientific circulation, served as a source base. Among folklore sources, heroic tales (alyptyg nymakhtar) are widely used, excerpts from which are presented for the first time in the author’s translation in Russian. Leading in the study is the principle of historicism, when any cultural phenomenon is considered in development taking into account a specific situation. The research methodology is based on historical and ethnographic methods: remnants (relic) and semantic analysis. As a result of the research, the author comes to the conclusion that in the Khakas culture, the horse has a wide semantic field. One of the most striking facets of his image is the perception as a celestial being and the endowment of a high semiotic status. This animal was included in the mytho-ritual complex associated with the idea of heaven and the celestials. Among the diverse manifestations of this phenomenon, one should distinguish such as: the dedication of a horse – yzyh, solar-lunar and astral symbolism of a horse and its fiery nature, identification of images of a horse and a bird, etc.

Keywords: Khakas, traditional culture, worldview, ritual, horse, sky, sun, moon, stars, fire, bird

Tsybikova Badma-Khanda Badmadorzhievna THE IMAGE OF GENGHIS KHAN IN THE FOLKLORE OF THE BURYATS // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 3 (37). P. 149-159

The article discusses the image of Genghis Khan in Buryat folklore, including oral stories, legends, and songs. The aim of the study is to understand the level of preservation or loss of mythological and historical elements in Buryat folklore. Through analysis of the available material, it is revealed that Genghis Khan is depicted as a mythological hero, endowed with the features of an epic hero and connected to the anthropogonic and cosmogonic myths of the Buryats. He is also portrayed as a cultural hero, creator and inventor, with parallels drawn to the future Buddha. In toponymic legends, some areas are associated with Genghis Khan's presence in those places. It is concluded that the myth and history in Buryat folklore are represented unequally, with Genghis Khan being characterized in three aspects: mythological, folklore-epic, and Buddhist. In some versions of the folklore, he is depicted as the initiator of certain wedding ceremony rituals, while in others he is portrayed as a cultural hero and the creator of a set of moral and ethical rules. The article also discusses the portrayal of Genghis Khan's horses as his unchanging companions and the inclusion of the motif of a red fox, which refers to the plot of were foxes and emphasizes the harmful nature of this mythological character.

Keywords: Buryat folklore, Genghis Khan, folklore character, cultural hero, toponymic legends

Perekhvalskaya Elena Vsevolodovna, Vydrin Valentin Feodosievich QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF TONAL SYSTEMS: TONAL DENSITY INDEX // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 1 (35). P. 33-45

Tonal languages may differ considerably with respect to the functional load of the tone. Carlos Gussenhoven suggested the notion of tonal density of a language, however, to our knowledge, there have been no attempts to apply it in practice. In this paper, a method of calculation of the Tonal Density Index (TDI) is proposed. Under TDI we understand the ratio of the number of tonemes or marked tones to the number of segmental units in a text. The key notions related to the TDI are the following: — toneme i.e. a tonal contour which is relevant for the expression of a lexical or grammatical meaning; — tonal domain, i.e. a sequence of segments to which a toneme is associated; — marked tone, which is often postulated in languages with two-level tonal systems. In such languages, syllables or morae which do not carry the marked tone can be considered toneless; — a basic segmental unit may be a syllable or a mora. Consequently, two kinds of TDI can be calculated, the “moraic TDI” and the “syllabic TDI”. The key question is the applicability of segmentation into these units. Some languages distinguish up to four degrees of the syllable weight; sometimes syllables of identical structures are interpreted differently in what concerns their syllabic weight, even in closely related languages; such factors may considerably complicate the count of moras. On the other hand, in other languages, identification of syllables may be problematic; in such languages, the “moraic TDI” would be easier to calculate. Three languages of different types have been taken to exemplify the method of calculation of the “syllabic TDI”. In Navajo (Southern Athabascan group, USA), a language with a marked high tone, the TDI equals 35.8. In Bambara (Western Mande, Mali), a two-level language with tonal domains, the TDI equals 70. In Eastern Dan (South Mande group, Côte d’Ivoire), a language with 5 level tones, the TDI equals 105.8.

Keywords: tonal density, toneme, tonal domain, marked tone, syllable, mora

Chudova Tatyana Ivanovna THE COMPOSITION OF FESTIVE DISHES IN SYKTYVKAR IN THE 1970–1980S // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 2 (36). P. 173-181

The article discusses the composition of the dishes on the festive feast in the multinational city of Syktyvkar, the capital of the Komi ASSR, in the 1970s–1980s. The choice of this chronological framework is due to the fact that by the end of the 1960s the food crisis of the post-war period was overcome, while the economic crisis of the 1990s had not yet begun. The sources for studying the composition of the guest menu were the memories of urban residents born in 1929–1960, Russians and Komi, who created families with Komi, Russians and Ukrainians. The corpus of sources has been expanded with handwritten collections of recipes for festive dishes. The relative prosperity with food, although with some difficulties in obtaining it, especially manifested in the provinces, made it possible to revive the practice of organizing a festive feast. The hostesses were faced with the task of satisfyingly feeding the guests, and the mentality of that period required serving home-cooked food. The repertoire of the festive menu included cold appetizers, hot dishes, sweets and alcoholic drinks. Salads “Olivier”, “Herring under a fur coat”, “Mimosa”, rice with crab sticks were seasoned with mayonnaise, so they were very high-calorie and satisfying. Salted mushrooms, cucumbers and tomatoes, herring and aspic made a variety in the composition of cold appetizers. Hot main courses were presented from meat, chicken, fish dishes were absent due to its shortage in sales. Food raw materials purchased through the trading network, the same recipe and cooking technology predetermined the serving of dishes with unified features. The ethno-cultural specificity of the festive feast in the serving of game and fish, which was manifested earlier, has practically disappeared, but the serving of mushrooms and berries has been preserved. In those years, there is a tendency to blur the difference between festive and everyday food. Nevertheless, it can be unequivocally said that salads and sweets were considered exclusively as dishes of the festive table. The hostesses spared no effort and time to prepare a “sweet” table, especially for children’s parties.

Keywords: Syktyvkar, 1970–1980, festive menu, cold appetizers, salads, hot dishes, sweets, alcoholic drinks

Chertykova Mariya Dmitrievna Mongolian Borrowings in the Text of the Khakass Heroic Legend “Албынчы” // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2023. Issue 1 (39). P. 73-85

Like other Siberian Turkic languages, the Khakass language is characterized by an abundance of Mongolian borrowings due to the centuries-long contacts of its speakers. In the texts of the heroic stories, most of these words have been preserved, even those that are no longer actively used. Based on the semantic, morphological, phonetic, and etymological criteria for selecting the Mongolian loan vocabulary described in the works of famous linguists – typologists E. V. Sevortyan, V. I. Rassadin, B. I. Tatarintsev, A. V. Dybo, and others – we have managed to identify Mongols in the text of the Khakass heroic legend “Албынчы”. However, the question of the Mongolian origin of some of them is still open. This article analyzes the nine most frequent lexemes in the language of the heroic sagas from the functional-semantic, etymological, and comparative points of view, of which four lexemes are used in the modern Khakass language in a somewhat modified semantic version. Translation examples of Mongolian borrowings from the heroic legend “Албынчы” served as material for the article, for the analysis of which data from lexicographic sources were used. It turned out that all the Mongolian borrowings we considered exist not only in the Khakass language but also in other Siberian Turkic languages and the Kyrgyz language. However, if some of these words are preserved only in the Khakass texts of the heroic legends and in the Khakas-Russian dictionary [2006], then their equivalents are used in the active vocabulary of other languages, for example, арға “1) strength, dexterity; 2) method, means, reception”. It has also been noted that polysemantic Mongolian words have generally passed into the Khakass language (and other Siberian Turkic languages, as well as the Kyrgyz language) only in their primary meanings; some of them have developed figurative meanings in the modern Khakass language, e.g., хуйах “protection; intuition” In the semantic-functional scheme, sentences with Mongols are not characterized by a particular variety of syntactic links, as active clichéd expressions are built into them. Also, the semantics and phonetic appearance of the considered mongolisms in the Khakass language do not show significant changes.

Keywords: Khakass language, heroic legend “Албынчы”, Mongolian borrowings, lexeme, etymology, semantics, functioning

Nilogov Aleksey Sergeevich Documentary Reconstruction of the Kyzlasov Family Tree // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2023. Issue 4 (42). P. 103-114

The article deals with the documentary reconstruction of the family tree of the famous Khakass archeologist and historian Leonid Romanovich Kyzlasov (1924–2007), whose centenary will be celebrated in the Republic of Khakassia in 2024. The seok (an ethnic lineage) of the Kyzlasovs is called “tag-kharga” and formed the Ulus Dalnekarga of the Steppe Duma of the united heterogeneous tribes in the 19th century. Although there are oral traditions about the origin of the Kyzlasovs, the genealogical information, which is based on historical sources such as church records, censuses, and name lists, has not yet been scientifically verified. The object of the study is the biological family tree of L. R. Kyzlasov, and the subject is the archival and documentary reconstruction of its patrilineal part. The source base of the research was the collections of such archives as the State Archive of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the National Archive of the Republic of Khakassia, the Archive in Minusinsk, the Manuscript Fund of the Khakassian Research Institute of Language, Literature and History and the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. For the first time, unique archival documents on the genealogy of the Kyzlasovs are brought into the scientific discourse: according to the Ust-Yes Evdokim Church, a metrical record of 1897 on the birth/baptism of R. A. Kyzlasov, information from the last three censuses of the Dalnekarga genus of the Sagai Steppe Duma for 1832, 1850 and 1858, as well as the facts of the baptism of representatives of the genus in 1854. In the course of genealogical research, an examination of the Kyzlasovs’ family tree schemes was carried out, which were drawn up by several informants based on oral traditions and written documents. The critical analysis of these genealogical materials shows that their information potential requires careful scientific examination, including archival primary sources. The further study of the Kyzlasov family tree will be devoted to the complex genetic and genealogical verification of the data by testing the DNA of the Y chromosome of modern male representatives of the genus. In this way, it will be possible to determine the haplogroup of Kyzlasovs (a genetic genus) and, consequently, to deepen the phylogenetic line of seok “tag-kharga” for thousands of years with the assignment of a family branch on the universal human family tree.

Keywords: the metrical book, Kyzlasovs, genealogy, National Archive of the Republic of Khakassia, Dalnekarga genus, population census, seok, family tree

Kutsaeva Marina Vasilievna ON THE PROBLEM OF NOMENCLATURE OF MARI IDIOMS // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 3 (37). P. 55-68

The article discusses the nomenclature and classification of Mari idioms, which are recognized as one of the state languages in the Republic of Mari El alongside Russian. While some researchers believe that there is only one Mari language, others argue that there are multiple Mari languages. The article reviews the various names given to Mari idioms in Soviet and post-Soviet literature and concludes that the categorization of Hill Mari as a dialect or an independent language has largely been influenced by political factors, such as the desire of Hill Maris to have their idiom recognized as a separate language rather than a dialect. The author also conducted a sociolinguistic survey in a Moscow region Mari diaspora to determine how Mari speakers perceive their idioms. The survey found that the nomination of Mari idioms is largely based on the respondent's sub-ethnic identity and personal experience with members of other sub-ethnic groups, rather than the legal status of the idioms. The majority of respondents (56 %) indicated that there are “two Mari languages” while 24 % believed there are “several (more than two) Mari languages”. Only 20 % of respondents identified Mari as a single language, and this group was largely composed of Meadow Maris and natives of Bashkortostan.

Keywords: Mari language, Meadow-Eastern Mari language, Hill Mari language, literary language, legal status of the language

Bychkov Dmitrij Aleksandrovich NEW MATERIALS FROM THE STONE AGE SITE ARYSHEVSKOE 2 IN THE VALLEY OF THE RIVER YAYA (TOMSK REGION) // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 4 (38). P. 121-133

The Aryshevskoe 2 site is currently located in one of the peripheral places of the West Siberian oecumene of the Stone Age people. It differs from other monuments in the area by the nature of the industry and the lack of absolute dating. These circumstances have led to resuming its exploration in 2019. The purpose of this article is to publish the materials obtained and the results of their analysis. A series of pits were excavated around the trenches already dug in 2000 on the side of the terrace. A collection of 427 artifacts was found during the excavations. The materials from 2000 and 2019 were studied using a number of methods: the method of analogies, descriptive statistics, and multivariate statistics. The cores show the predominance of the flat-flaking principle. In the case of the tools, the bifacial forms predominate, to which analogies can be found in the adjacent areas in the south and east. The chips are divided into 3 clusters according to technological criteria. This is the result of a cluster analysis of the size and morphology of their force bulbs and butts. Blades with a constantly reproducible shape predominate over flakes with a wide variety of shapes. The collection of tools appears to be typical of the Late Paleolithic. In addition, the collection also contains tools that are atypical for this period. The reasons for their distinction are described in detail in a separate part of the article. The result of the study is the determination of the characteristic features of the industry and the relative time of its existence. The industry is distinguished from similar Paleolithic sites by its characteristic lamellar and bifacial artifacts. Chips with features of percussion dominate the overall statistics, despite the division into three groups of chips according to the results of cluster analysis. The prospect of further study of this site is evident in the spatial analysis of the distribution of artifacts and in the absolute dating of the deposits they contain.

Keywords: Yaya, Aryshevskoe, Late Paleolithic, Neolithic, stratigraphy, statistics, typology, Tomsk region

Tuchkova Natalya Anatolyevna ETHNOGRAPHIC CATALOG AS A DICTIONARY FOR INTERCULTURAL DIALOGUE (REVIEW OF THE CATALOG OF ETHNOGRAPHIC OBJECTS OF THE MEGION MUSEUM OF LOCAL LORE) // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2021. Issue 4 (34). P. 195-196

This article is a review of the publication “Ethnography of indigenous peoples of Western Siberia in the collection of the Municipal Autonomous Institution «Regional Historical, Cultural and Environmental Center»”. Catalog / Author-compiler: E. R. Shamsieva. Part I. Megion — Ekaterinburg: “Fort Dialog-Iset” Publishing House, 2020. 148 p.

Borgoiakova Tamara Gerasimovna, Guseinova Aurika Vagifovna THE 5TH INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “PRESERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SIBERIAN INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES AND CULTURES” // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 3 (37). P. 171-176

The Vth International Scientific Conference "Preservation and Development of Languages and Cultures of the Indigenous Peoples of Siberia" was held in Abakan on May 19–20, 2022. The conference was dedicated to the 160th anniversary of the orientalist and turkologist Nikolai Fedorovich Katanov and brought together over 200 scientists, teachers, and representatives of authorities and of non-governmental organizations from 17 regions of Russia and 4 foreign countries. The main objectives of the conference were to exchange new approaches and results on a wide range of linguistic, cultural, ethnographic, and historical aspects related to N. F. Katanov's heritage; to disseminate knowledge about new trends and initiatives aimed at promoting the languages of indigenous peoples at the Russian and international levels as a valuable cultural heritage and a resource for sustainable development; and to discuss new scientific knowledge in the field of lingual-cognitive, cultural, folklore, and historical research on the material of Turkic and other Ural-Altaic languages. The conference emphasized the importance of researching, preserving, and supporting the linguistic diversity of Siberia and other regions, and discussed trends, innovations, and ways to address pressing linguistic and ecological issues. Recommendations were made for improving language policy and promoting active regional and territorial bilingualism based on international experience.

Keywords: conference, minority languages, indigenous peoples of Siberia, language policy

Agranat Tatiana Borisovna INGRIAN NOMENCLATURE: ETHNONYMS, LINGUONYMS AND TOPONYMS // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 3 (37). P. 9-19

The article examines the nominations of three minor, closely related Baltic-Finnic languages that have long been in contact with one another and are widespread in Ingria, the historical part of the Leningrad region. Both synchronic and historical names are described, their origin is traced, and the causes of certain names being replaced by others or existing simultaneously with other names are given.The models of transformation and drift of ethnic group and their languages are investigated. Historical sources, dictionaries that contain various synchronic sections, texts previously recorded by researchers of these languages, and the author's own data obtained during her fieldwork with native speakers of these idioms are examined. In addition to language nominations, the article pays attention to the toponyms of Ingermanlandia. All the villages there have two names: one is used when speaking the indigenous language, the other is used when speaking Russian. The relations of Baltic-Finnish and Russian toponyms are classified. The conclusion is made that the coexistence of parallel toponyms – in the indigenous and Russian languages – demonstrates the preservation of ethnic identity, despite the impeding conditions. Small languages, due to the inevitable contacts with neighbors, provide extensive material for the study of the processes of change and drift of the names of ethnic groups and their languages, allowing to trace the typology of such changes.

Keywords: minority languages, ethnonyms, linguonyms, toponyms, the Votic language, the Ingrian language, language of Ingrian Finns

Kicheeva Kristina Vladimirovna TO THE QUESTION OF THE ORIGIN OF THE PAST TENSE FORMS -CHYKH/-CHYK/-YUK AND THEIR DIFFERENTIATION WITH FORMS -ZHEE, -CHU, -AACHCHY, -CHA (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF THE KHAKASS LANGUAGE) // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 2 (36). P. 34-46

The article provides a review of the scientific literature devoted to the problem of etymology of the past tense forms -chykh/-chyk/-yuk, as well as an attempt to differentiate them with other forms identified by some researchers with the analyzed forms. There are two main points of view that are polemizing with each other. Besides, the author proposes own hypothesis based on existing views. It, i.e. the author’s hypothesis, is based on the material of the Khakass language, collected by the method of continuous sampling of texts from fiction, journalistic, and folklore literature. Comparing the semantics and some functions of Mongolian form -zhee, Qırghız one -chu, Yakut -aachchy, Tungus-Manchu -cha, and Khakass form -chykh, it is concluded that they are not identical to the latter and, respectively, to the forms -chyk/-chykh/-yuk of the Khakass, Tuvan, Tofalar, and Old Uighur languages. Special attention is paid to the combinations of the analyzed form -chykh with other indicative past tense affixes -gan, -dy, -tyr, -chan, -galakh, -(p)chatkhan. It is revealed that in the Khakass language there is the analytical construction -gan polchykh, in this regard the assumption of the contraction of auxiliary verb er- ‘to be’ in form -ganchykh -gan + er-chykh is doubtful. Sampling shows that in the Khakass language, form -chykh is most often used in narration, and is rarely found in direct speech. It is interesting that in the first case narration is performed from the third person. Cases of the use of this form in the first, second persons have not been found. As our language material has shown, form -chykh in the Khakass language has the property of combining with different parts of speech and changing the position in the structure of a verbal word form, likewise particle okh/ -yok is written together with a word form. This illustrates the thesis that form -chykh is an affirmative particle, once often used when describing past events and which began to take personal affixes over time.

Keywords: Khakass language, Tuvan language, Tofalar language, Old Uighur language, Qırghız language, Yakut language, Mongolian language, Tungus-Manchu language, etymology, indicative, past tense, narration, particle

Aleksandrov Evgeny Vasilievich DOCUMENTARY FILM AS A REASON TO RETURN TO THE PAST (ON THE MATERIAL OF THE RUSSIAN HISTORY OF THE SEARCH FOR THE ZEPPELIN “ITALIA”) // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 2 (36). P. 90-104

In 1928, the main sensation for the whole world was the accident of the airship “Italia”, which crashed on its way back after reaching the North Pole. Several states tried to work together to save the survivors. But the Arctic Ocean did not yield – moreover, the crew of Raul Amundsen’s plane, who fl ew to the rescue of Umberto Nobile’s expedition, became a new victim. It was possible to interrupt the series of failures thanks to the active involvement of the Soviet Union in the operation, which sent three ships with two aircraft to the search area. Thanks to the hard work of the crew of the Krasin icebreaker and the experience of pilot Boris Chukhnovsky, at the last moment, the polar explorers who were losing hope were saved. One of the most notable acts of the propaganda campaign, which was widely launched after the completion of the operation, was the prompt release of the full-length documentary film “Feat in the Ice”, which was shown with great success on many domestic and foreign screens. The film was based on newsreel footage of cameramen who worked on three ships participating in the rescue operation. The purpose of the article is to reconstruct the history of the creation of a film document at the end of the “silent film era”. The object of consideration will be the chronotope of the “rescue air-sea expedition”, put by the directors “Vasiliev brothers” as the basis of the film. In the context of information from different sources about the event being covered, a comprehensive analysis of the content and structure of the film will be carried out. The introduction gives a brief overview of the period of the avant-garde formation of the language of Russian documentary cinema. In the main part, when analyzing the content of the episodes and the plot construction of the film “Feat in the Ice”, literary evidence of the participants in the rescue of the Nobile expedition is also given. With this approach, according to the principle of complementarity-complementarity, the chronicle film should be considered not so much as an independent reliable source, but rather as an emotional image-reason that, in interaction with other information materials, recreates the atmosphere of a historical episode, interest in which has not disappeared even now.

Keywords: airship “Italy”, newsreels, avant-garde cinema, the principle of complementarity, episodes, structure, silent documentary film “Feat in the Ice” 1928

Mordashova Daria Dmitrievna STRATEGIES OF ENCODING VOLITION IN HILL MARI // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 3 (37). P. 69-87

The article discusses the expression of volition in Hill Mari, a language belonging to the Uralic family. The author focuses on two strategies for expressing volition: a synthetic strategy using the desiderative mood with the suffix -ne and an analytical strategy using the construction NMLZ + šoeš (‘achieve-NPST.3SG’). The semantics of these constructions is analyzed in terms of the subjects’ preference for certain alternatives, with the lexical verb representing the most preferred option. The construction with the desiderative suffix adds an additional component of the subjects’ strong willingness to realize their desire and take control of future events. The morphosyntax of the constructions is also compared, with the analytical construction being more flexible in terms of expressing tense and subject. The author also proposes a hypothesis about the development of the analytical construction in Hill Mari and other languages in the Volga region under the influence of Turkic languages, where a similar construction also exists. In contrast, languages in other groups of the Uralic family, such as Ugric and Samoyed, as well as the Permic language Komi, use constructions with the finite verb ‘want’ or a desiderative affix rather than an analytical construction with a grammaticalized verb of movement.

Keywords: volition, scale of alternatives, semantics, morphosyntax, areal typology, Hill Mari, Uralic languages

Danilov Igor Albertovich, Ignatyeva Vanda Borisovna THE YOUTH OF INDIGENOUS MINORITIES IN THE NORTH OF THE REPUBLIC OF SAKHA (YAKUTIA): ETHNOLINGUISTIC IDENTITY AND LINGUISTIC BEHAVIOR // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 4 (38). P. 27-40

This article interprets the issues of their ethnolinguistic identity and linguistic behavior based on the results of a mass survey conducted among the rural and urban youth of the indigenous peoples of the North in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). From the theoretical point of view, different approaches to the interpretation of the concept of “mother tongue” and their projections in the programs of Russian censuses are analyzed. In comparison with the results of previous studies, the value orientations of young people from the North were examined, which revealed a significant shift in ethno-cultural attitudes: it was found that the ethnic marker "mother tongue" fell from first to fourth place in the hierarchy of ethno-communicative markers. The ethnolinguistic identity of young people was analyzed in the context of the process of linguistic change reflected in the results of the censuses throughout the Union and in Russia. In addition, the status and place of the state languages of the Republic of Sakha (Russian and Yakut) in the lives of people in the North were revealed through the prism of ethnolinguistic self-identification of respondents and the functional distribution of languages in the spheres of communication. The positive trends in language maintenance were identified by analyzing the responses to the question about the mastery of the mother tongue in the immediate environment as a function of age and place of residence. Rural youth are characterized by a high level of commitment to the ethnic language, which they consistently recognize as their native language. The successful transmission of the language from generation to generation shows a good level of language preservation. In the urban environment, there is a linguistic shift in favor of the more “prestigious” Russian language among respondents aged 15–19, but the older youth use their native language in almost all cases of communication. Nevertheless, the authors note a gradually growing ethnic self-awareness among young people from the North, which at the individual or group level may give a "second breath" to the indigenous national languages of the indigenous peoples of the North in Yakutia.

Keywords: native language, ethnolinguistic identity, linguistic behavior, indigenous peoples of the North, the youth from the North

Stepanova Nadezhda Fedorovna, Kiryushin Yury Fyodorovich, Rybacov Dmitriy Yuryevich THE RESULTS OF THE TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF KULAI CULTURE CERAMICS FROM THE NOVOVASYUGAN SETTLEMENT AND THE SETTLEMENT FROM THE NARYM OB REGION // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 2 (36). P. 160-172

The article presents the results of studies of ceramics from two sites (Novovasyugan settlement and settlement) of the Kulai culture from the Narym Ob region, located in close proximity – at a distance of 60 m, which is of particular interest for identifying traditions in the manufacture of pottery. The technical and technological analysis of ceramics was carried out within the framework of the historical and cultural approach. The main objective of the research was to identify the specifics of cultural traditions in the selection of raw materials and the preparation of pottery paste and a comparative analysis of the results obtained. As a result of the study of the raw materials, it was found that ferruginous clays (medium and slightly degree of iron content in clay) with a large amount of fine sand were used. Artificial mineral impurities were practically not introduced into the pottery paste, only in a few cases chamotte was recorded, as a rule, in a low concentration, which did not affect the quality of the vessels. Skills in the selection of raw materials and preparation of pottery paste from these two sites are very similar, but vessels made of the same clay were not found. It was found that the potters from the settlement and the settlement used different clay deposits, which differed in the size of the sand. The peculiarities of firing of vessels, surface treatment of vessels, and the application of ornaments indicate different traditions of pottery making, different potters and groups of the population. Perhaps the identified features are related to chronological reasons, as evidenced by differences in the ornamentation of vessels. A comparative analysis with the previously studied collections of the Kulai culture revealed differences. The Kulai monuments from the Tomsk Ob region are characterized by the use of weak – and non iron clay with the addition of crushed stone (broken stone) to the pottery paste, and the addition of chamotte for the Priketye. At the Novovasyugan settlement and the settlement site, non iron clay and the broken stone were not detected, and mineral impurities were rarely introduced. The presence of recipes with chamotte on the Novovasyugan sites may indicate a small influx of people with other skills in preparing pottery paste characteristic of the Tomsk region.

Keywords: Novovasyugan settlement, settlement, Kulai culture, ceramics, technical and technological analysis, raw materials, pottery paste, ornament, Narym and Tomsk Ob

Zabelina Elizaveta Aleksandrovna DISTRIBUTION OF COMPLEMENTIZERS IN THE URMI VARIETIES OF URMIYA // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 2 (36). P. 22-33

The aim of the paper is to analyze the complementizer distribution in Urmi, a North Eastern Neo-Aramaic variety, as spoken nowadays in the village of Urmiya, Krasnodar Krai (Russia). The families of Urmi speakers mostly come from Iran, Armenia and Georgia, so the system of complement-marking in their varieties is compared to the patterns of the respective regional Urmi varieties, reported in the literature. The Urmi varieties in Urmiya display a variation in complementizer marking that is not directly accounted for by the initial dialectal division. Urmiya varieties also display some innovations. For instance, semantic contrasts in complements of perception verbs can be expressed by interrogative manner words: this pattern, even though typologically expectable, has so far been unattested in Urmi. The distribution of complementizers in the subjunctive has a functional basis, at least in elicited data: different-subject constructions tend to be more frequently introduced by a complementizer than same-subject constructions. I show that several of the innovations can be accounted for, or at least favoured by contact influence. The contact influence of Russian on complementation manifests as instances of both matter- and pattern-borrowing, but does not go deeper than complementizer marking and, probably, word order permutations. Thus, the distribution of complementizers in the Urmi of Urmiya is different from the distributions reported in the literature for Urmi of other regions, which reflects the fact that complement-marking is more prone to contact influence and innovations than deeper layers of syntax and morphology.

Keywords: complementation, complementizer, language contact, functional typology, pattern-borrowing, grammaticalization, North Eastern Neo-Aramaic, Urmi

Muravyev Nikita Alexeevich PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE MEANING OF SIMULTANEITY IN THE KAZYM KHANTY // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 4 (38). P. 59-72

The article deals with participial temporal constructions with the meaning of simultaneity in the Kazym dialect of Northern Khanty. The richness and variety of the inventory of these constructions have been documented in a number of works. However, the existing descriptions do not clearly show their functioning and distribution. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the semantics of simultaneity constructions in more detail and to identify their characteristic features. Data for the study were collected during a field study in the village of Kazym in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russia, by asking native speakers to complete stimulus contexts, the first part of which consisted of a dependent clause of each construction with a varying predicate. The questionnaire was based on a sample of 50 verbs of different aspect classes. Five constructions were selected for the study: one casemarked participle (locative case) and four postpositional participial constructions with the postpositions pŏrajən, măr(ən), kŭtən, and saxət/sati/sa. The constructions were analyzed based on three aspectual parameters: Telicity, duration, and homogeneity of events. It was found that none of the constructions, with the exception of the locative construction, is compatible with telic background events. In this regard, the pŏrajən construction favors longterm background events, the kŭtən construction heterogeneous background events, the saxət/sati/sa construction short or medium-length background events and telic main events. A closer examination of the received contexts revealed that the pŏrajən construction is not semantically unspecified as described in the literature but expresses a specific meaning of simultaneity with an event that characterizes a period of time. The kŭtən construction, in turn, postulates a heterogeneous background through an initially heterogeneous event, while in combination with homogeneous events, it implies a deliberate interruption of the background event by the subject. The măr(ən) and kŭtən constructions have virtually no restrictions in combination with short-term events, but they are appropriate only in the case of “stretching” these events in time or simultaneity on a smaller scale.

Keywords: Uralic languages, Khanty, semantics, aspect, taxis, participle, polypredication, simultaneity

Dampilova Lyudmila Sanzhiboevna, Mindibekova Valentina Vissarionovna COMBINING FUNCTIONS OF SHAMAN AND STORYTELLER IN THE ORAL TRADITION OF PEOPLES OF SIBERIA // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 2 (36). P. 118-126

In Russian ethnography and folklore studies, the question of combining the functions of a shaman and a rhapsode in a comparative aspect at the interethnic level is one of the topical and poorly studied problems. The purpose of the work is to identify mythological, functional and genetic connections between shamans and rhapsodes. In the course of the study, for the first time in Russian science, through a comparative analysis for identifying the universal functions of shamans and storytellers in the tradition of peoples of Siberia, a unified archetype of the syncretic image of a bard was revealed. It has been established that the picture of the world in epic texts among the peoples of Siberia is built according to the traditional shamanic mythological version. For the first time, using specific examples, a comparison is made between epic and shamanic texts recorded both from a rhapsode performing the functions of a shaman and a shaman performing an epic text. The general functions of the shaman and the rhapsode as the heaven’s chosen one, the prophet and the soothsayer, possessing a gift from above, an inspiration, are revealed. The universal motives of the divine gift, involuntary actions, punishability, deprivation are defined. As a result of the study, we come to the conclusion that the functions of the shaman and the rhapsode in the Buryat, Yakut and Tuvan traditions have typological similarities. The ancient functions of a shaman and a rhapsode separated with the development of the oral tradition, but in subsequent generations they could be simultaneously performed mainly by those who have shamanic roots. The Buryats retained the combination of the functions of a shaman and a rhapsode as long as the storytelling tradition was alive. In the Khakass traditions, the functions of the shaman and the rhapsode have completely diverged over time, but our research reveals the rudiments of ancient syncretism.

Keywords: epos, rite, text, mythology, ethnos, cultural universals, syncretism

Muratova Rimma Talgatovna COLOR TERM BUÐ ‘GRAY’ IN THE BASHKIR LANGUAGE: HISTORICAL-ETYMOLOGICAL AND LEXICO-SEMANTIC ANALYSIS // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 3 (37). P. 88-96

This article is devoted to the study of the origin, historical development and use of the color designation buδ ‘gray, gray’ in the Bashkir language. For the first time, this word is considered in a wide chronological range: the development of the lexeme from the origin of the word to the current state is traced. The etymology of the word is based on the works of scientists, in which ancient forms are restored, the evolution of the word meanings can be traced through written sources starting from the ancient Turkic period. The relevance of the study is due to the lack of a comprehensive research on the origin, development and functioning of this lexeme in the Turkic languages. The study revealed that the lexeme buδ goes back to the Proto-Turkic *boŕ ‘gray’, which, in turn, came from the Proto-Altaic *boŕV ‘gray’. It was found that in the Bashkir language the main semantic load of the word buδ is the designation of the color of the gray hair and the color of animals and birds. But nevertheless, the material from the text corpus shows that in the modern Bashkir language the word buδ has expanded its semantics and has meanings of ‘light gray’, ‘light ash’, ‘earthy gray’, ‘empty’, ‘desert’, ‘young’, ‘free’, ‘carefree’, ‘lonely’. Color designation can be combined with the names of a wide range of objects: animals, somatisms, botanical terms, names of rocks and minerals, sky and celestial bodies, landscape, abstract concepts.

Keywords: color naming of gray, Bashkir language, Turkic languages, semantics, comparative historical research

Diachkovskiy Fedor Nikolaevich, Danilova Nadezhda Ivanovn, Tazranova Alena Robertovna MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATION IN YAKUT AND ALTAI IN COMPARISON TO BURYAT (ILLUSTRATED BY ANIMAL BODY PARTS VOCABULARY) // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 3 (37). P. 31-41

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Leksicheskie osobennosti govorov jakutskogo jazyka [Lexical features of the dialects of the Yakut language]. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2017. 392 p. (in Russian). Ivanov S. A. Obrazovanie dialektnoj sistemy jakutskogo jazyka [Formation of the dialect system of the Yakut language]. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2021. 256 p. (in Russian). Ivanova I. B. Affiksal'noe imennoe slovoobrazovanie v sovremennom jakutskom jazyke (na materiale otglagol'nyh imen sushhestvitel'nyh) [Affixal nominal word formation in the modern Yakut language (based on the material of verbal nouns)]. Avtoref…kand. diss. Jakutsk, 2011. 22 p. (in Russian). Kaluzhinskij Ct. Jetimologicheskie issledovanija po jakutskomu jazyku. Dvuslozhnye osnovy [Etymological research on the Yakut language. Two – syllable basics]. (II) // Rocznik orientalistyczny. 1978. T. XL. Z. 1. P. 71–82. (in Russian). Kolesnikova A. V. K harakteristike chastej tela cheloveka v tunguso-man'chzhurskih jazykah [On the characterization of human body parts in the Tungusic-Manchu languages] // Ocherki sravnitel'noj leksikologii altajskih jazykov. – Leningrad: Nauka, 1972. P. 257–336. (in Russian). Kolesnikova A. V. Affiksal'noe glagoloobrazovanie v altajskom jazyke v sopostavlenii s drevnetjurkskim jazykom [Affixal verb formation in the Altai language in comparison with the ancient Turkic language]. Avtoref… na soiskanie diss. dokt. filol. n. Novosibirsk, 2004. (in Russian). Musaev K. M. Leksikologija tjurkskih jazykov [Lexicology of the Turkic languages]. M.: Nauka, 1984. 226 p. (in Russian). Okoneshnikov E. I. Lingvisticheskie aspekty terminologii jakutskogo jazyka [Linguistic aspects of the terminology of the Yakut language]. Avtoref. dokt…diss. Jakutsk, 2005. 52 p. (in Russian) Orlovskaja M. N. Imena sushhestvitel'nye i prilagatel'nye v sovremennom mongol'skom jazyke [Nouns and adjectives in modern Mongolian]. M.: Izd-vo Vostochnoj literatury, 1961. 114 p. (in Russian). Rassadin V. I. Ocherki po morfologii i slovoobrazovaniju mongol'skih jazykov [Essays on the morphology and word formation of the Mongolian languages]. Jelista, 2008. 232 p. (in Russian). SIGTJa 1988 – Sravnitel'no-istoricheskaja grammatika tjurkskih jazykov: Morfologija [Comparative historical Grammar of the Turkic languages: Morphology]. M.: «Nauka», 1988. 560 p. (in Russian). SIGTJa 2001 – Sravnitel'no-istoricheskaja grammatika tjurkskih jazykov: Leksika [Comparative historical Grammar of the Turkic languages: Vocabulary]. M.: «Nauka», 2001. 822 p. (in Russian). Tarakanova I. M. Slovoobrazovanie imen sushhestvitel'nyh v hakasskom jazyke (v sopostavitel'nom aspekte) [Word formation of nouns in the Khakass language (in a comparative aspect)]. Abakan: Hakasskoe knizh. izd-vo, 2008. 174 p. (in Russian). Tybykova A. T. Orfografija i punktuacija altajskogo jazyka [Spelling and punctuation of the Altai language]. Gorno-Altajsk, 1981. (in Russian). Haranutova D. Sh. Burjatskoe slovoobrazovanie: strukturno-semanticheskaja organizacija [Buryat word formation: structural and semantic organization]. Ulan-Udje: Izd-vo Burjatskogo gosuniversiteta, 2012. 269 p. (in Russian). Chajchina E. V. Leksiko-semanticheskoe vzaimootnoshenie komponentov parnyh slov v altajskom jazyke [Lexicosemantic relationship of the components of paired words in the Altai language] // Jazyki korennyh narodov Sibiri. Novosibirsk, 2004. Pp. 115–120. (in Russian). Shagdarov L. D., Shagdarova D. L. Slozhnoe slovo v burjatskom jazyke [A complex word in the Buryat language]. Ulan-Udje: Izd-vo Burjatskogo gosuniversiteta, 2015. 265 p. (in Russian). Shherbak A. M. O haraktere leksicheskih vzaimosvjazej tjurkskih, mongol'skih i tunguso-man'chzhurskih jazykov [On the nature of lexical interrelations of the Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic-Manchu languages] // Voprosy jazykoznanija, 1966, № 3. (in Russian). Shherbak A. M. Ocherki po sravnitel'noj morfologii tjurkskih jazykov (Imja) [Essays on the comparative morphology of the Turkic languages (Name)]. Leningrad: Nauka, 1977. 182 p. (in Russian). Cincius V. I. Zadachi sravnitel'noj leksikologii altajskih jazykov [Tasks of comparative lexicology of the Altai languages] // Ocherki sravnitel'noj leksikologii altajskih jazykov. Leningrad: Nauka, 1972. Pp. 3–14. (in Russian). Kaluzinsky St. Mongolische Elemente in der Jakutischen Sprache. Warszawa, 1961. www.buryat-lang.ru – Russko-burjatskij slovar'.

Keywords: Yakut, Altai, Buryat, comparative-contrastive study, morphological derivation, word formation, animals, body parts

Dodykhudoeva Leyli Rahimovna ON LANGUAGE NAMING IN THE MOUNTAINOUS BADAKHSHAN AUTONOMOUS REGION // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 3 (37). P. 20-30

This article discusses the history and development of the names of languages spoken in the Mountainous Badakhshan Autonomous Region of Tajikistan as they appear in Russian and Tajik texts. The focus is on the nomenclature of minority Iranian languages known as Pamir languages, including the various names of individual local languages, the reasons for the displacement of some language names by others, and the presence of variants and their coexistence. The article also covers the linguistic and historical background of this nomenclature in Russia/USSR, Tajikistan, and elsewhere, and discusses how changes in the interpretation and application of this terminology, which have acquired the character of trends, are manifested in socio-political discourse. The analysis is based on statutory documents, official statements, scholarly discourse, and social media data related to language policy in Tajik and Russian. The article also examines the use of ethnonyms and glotonyms formed in the Soviet period during the national demarcation of borders and the impact on Iranian and Turkic peoples in Central Asia. The article utilizes sociolinguistic methods to monitor modern trends in language nomenclature and identify retrospective tendencies, revealing the causal relationships underlying changes in language designation in relation to extra-linguistic factors and identifying key ethno-political moments that trigger differentiation of individual terms.

Keywords: Iranian languages, Pamir languages, linguistic minority, language policy, Tajikistan, Mountainous Badakhshan Autonomous Region, Pamir

Sagalaev Konstantin Andreevich RITUAL USE OF FLY AGARICS BY MODERN KORYAKS // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 3 (37). P. 142-148

The article discusses the current use of fly agaric mushrooms in rituals among the Koryaks, a native people of the Russian Far East. It provides a review of previous research on the subject, including the Second Kamchatka Expedition (1733–1743) and rock paintings found in the Pegtymel River region of Chukotka. The article also examines the role of fly agaric and other mushrooms in the cultures of Siberia and the Russian Far East. It describes the main occasions, both sacred and secular, in which fly agaric mushrooms are used, and presents new field material collected by the author during an expedition to the Olyutorsk region of the Koryak Autonomous Area in 2004. This material includes accounts from informants of their own experiences with fly agaric mushrooms and those of their friends and relatives, as well as folklore texts known as “fly agaric songs” and “fly agaric tales” that were recorded after the use of the mushrooms. The author concludes that there are two parallel traditions of fly agaric consumption in Kamchatka – sacral and ritualized on the one hand, and common drug addiction (mostly in the city) on the other hand. The article introduces a vast new field material and may be of interest to ethnologists and folklorists.

Keywords: fly agarics, ritual use, ritual, the Koryaks, current state

Liliavina Elena Vladimirovna, Lemskaya Valeriya Mikhaylovna, Tokmashev Denis Mikhaylovich SOME LINGUISTIC AND ETHNOGRAPHIC ASPECTS OF THE TOMSK-TATAR KINSHIP AND RITUAL TERMINOLOGY // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 4 (38). P. 48-58

This article deals with a linguistic and ethnographic analysis of the kinship and ritual terminology of the Tomsk Tatars. The Tomsk Tatars are the indigenous population of the Tomsk Ob region, which formed ethnolinguistic groups before the arrival of the Russian-speaking population. The Tomsk Tatars include Kalmaks, Eushtins, and Chats, the latter two groups being grouped in a subdialect – Eushta-Chat. The number of Tomsk Tatars in their traditional places of residence is about 3 thousand people. The article analyzes the data documented during the ethnolinguistic expeditions 2009–2019: Tomsk-Tatar terms divided into lexical-semantic groups in terms of ethnographic classification of family rites (maternity, marriage, burial) and description of family genealogy (terms of kinship). In the course of fieldwork, ethnic stories were recorded, and genealogical schemes were created to identify the family composition and determine family ties within the group and family ties between neighboring villages (responses to family ritual terminology were recorded in both Tatar and Russian). The vocabulary studied refers mainly to the Eushta-Chat subdialect (if so, there is no indication of its origin); if data on the Kalmak subdialect is available, information on their origin is provided. In addition, dialect data from published articles by A. P. Dulzon and R. K. Urazmanova are also given. When it is possible to determine the composition of word forms, a morphological marker is given, a literal translation is also provided, and lexical parallels with the literary Tatar language are copied from open lexicographic sources. The general conclusion of the article is that in the modern kinship and ritual terminology of the Tomsk-Tatar subdialects, there prevail units identical to the literary equivalents, often in a different phonetic form according to the laws of alternation of Turkic phonemes. A number of units do not find parallels with the literary Tatar language, and there are also vocabularies with unclear etymology. Most examples of genealogical terms are direct translations of descriptive terminology from Russian.

Keywords: Tomsk Tatars, Tomsk-Tatar dialects, ritual terms, kinship terms

Dronova Tatyana Ivanovna “HOW IT’S WISE TO BE YOURSELF.” COLLECTION OF SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES AND MEMORIES IN MEMORY OF PROFESSOR V. A. SEMYONOV / ED. T. I. CHUDOVA. SYKTYVKAR, 2021. 328 P.: ILL. // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 2 (36). P. 182-186

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Golovneva Elena Valentinovna, Golovnev Ivan Andreyevich "CINEMA ATLAS OF THE USSR": EDUCATIONAL FILM "EASTERN SIBERIA" (1935) // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 3 (37). P. 117-127

The paper examines the role of educational cinema in the USSR during the 1930s, with a focus on films about the “socialist reconstruction” of remote regions of the Soviet Union. As an example, the film “Eastern Siberia” (1935) filmed at the “Sibtechfilm” studio, directed by A. I. Gaidul is analyzed, using scripts and other documentation from the State Archives of the Novosibirsk Region. The film is analyzed in terms of its place in the history of regional cinema and its role in the construction of ideas and images in the context of Soviet history. The paper also discusses the historical context of the creation of educational films in the 1930s, the production process at the Novosibirsk studio “Sibtechfilm”, and the biography and methods of the film's director, A. I. Gaidul are considered. The authors also address methodological issues related to educational cinema at the Sibtechfilm studio in the 1930s. It is concluded that the creation of educational geographical films was a significant development in Russian visual anthropology and that the analysis of such films helps to understand the ideological, conceptual, and creative considerations involved in their production and use in the USSR in the 1920s–1930s.

Keywords: visual anthropology, Soviet cinema, film production, educational cinema in the 1930s, Sibtechfilm, Eastern Siberia (1935), A. I. Gaidul

Chugunekova Alena Nikolaevna DEICTIC PARTICLES IN THE KHAKASS LANGUAGE // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 2 (36). P. 77-89

This article presents the results of a study of deictic (indicative) particles in the Khakass language. Deictic particles, like other indicative words, act as words that serve to determine the degree of remoteness of an object relative to the position of the speaker (“deictic center”). Each language has its own (binomial, trinomial and more) system for determining the degree of remoteness of the subject relative to the deictic center. In the Khakass language, the degree of remoteness of objects relative to the speaking person is determined through a threeterm system: proximal (“closer to the speaking person”), medial (“a little further from the speaking person”) and extreme (“far from the speaking person”). Unlike deictic locative adverbs and pronouns, deictic particles have a convergence of medial and extreme deixis: for the mna particle, the near deixis is the key, and for tigine and ana, the far deixis is the key. In addition, these particles are often used together with the corresponding series of deictic adverbs, deictic pronouns and other words to clarify the idea of indication, general assessment of the situation, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the object, etc. An anaphoric function is characteristic of the particle ana in combination with words expressing a spatial and temporal interval.

Keywords: deictic particles, clarifying function, general assessment of the situation, accentuating function, anaphoric function, Khakass language

Stepanova Olga Borisovna FOOD IN THE MYTHOLOGICAL IDEAS OF THE SELKUPS // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 2 (36). P. 149-159

As a result of the semantic analysis of the materials of Selkup folklore, beliefs, rituals, the study of food preferences and prohibitions, several ancient religious ideas were revealed that made food the most effective magical means in the Selkup mythological field. Among them, the idea of eating a deceased person, crossing the border of the earthly and otherworldly worlds, by an ancestor animal, later grew into ideas about the connection between eating and crossing the border, as well as death; a view of food as a benefit sent to a person by spirits, and a view of spirits as material beings who eat and drink, and who need to be fed, appeasing; the idea of similarity, according to which a person who has eaten meat or some part of the spirit acquires the same properties that the spirit or this part of it has, etc. Each of the ideas is universal and characteristic of all peoples of the world at the early stages of the development of culture and religion. This is the first time such a study is carried out on the basis of Selkup religious beliefs, which is its novelty and scientific significance. The relevance of the study is given by the process of the formation of a new ethnicity among the modern Selkups and the resulting demand for any developments on the issues of Selkup history and culture.

Keywords: Selkups, mythological concepts, rituals, food prohibitions and preferences, magical properties of food

Ushnitskaya Natalia Yurievna CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE HUNTER IN THE LANGUAGE WORLDVIEW OF THE EVENKI // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 2 (36). P. 67-76

The article deals with the problem of the linguistic and cultural description of the conceptosphere of the Evenkilanguage, which is relevant for research in modern Tungus studies. The conceptualization of the hunter in thelinguistic picture of the Evenki is investigated. Hunting, which is an aboriginal occupation of the Tungus, playeda key role in the formation of their linguistic picture of the world. The concept “Beyū mekit/hunting” has a clearlystructured system: 1) the subject of hunting (hunter); 2) the objects of hunting: hoofed and furred animals; 3) prey(meat, animal skin); 4) means and methods of hunting; 5) place of hunting; 6) road used for hunting; 7) huntingseason; 8) animal traces; 9) dog – helper of hunter; 10) spirit – master of hunting. Being a basic element withinthe concept “Beyū mekit/hunting”, the conceptualization of the hunter is characterized by the following conceptualfeatures: 1) a man; 2) hunting (hoofed and furred animals); 3) with bow or gun; 4) for the purpose of food andacquisition of hides for clothing. As a component of the concept “Beyū mekit/hunting” the mental formation“Beyū ktemni/hunter” contains conceptual, figurative and value components. These elements are investigated withthe usage of lexicographic material and recordings of authentic texts from native speakers. The Evenki hunteris a recognizable image of the representatives of the Tungus culture, and he is the culture of his ethnos. Thecombination of lexical units denoting the hunter characterizes not only figurative, but also conceptual and valueattributes of the concept in question. The presence of root bases denoting hunting and found in all the Tungus-Manchzhurian languages testifies to its primordiality among the Tungus.

Keywords: language picture of the world, concept, Evenki language, hunting, hunter

Khomchenkova Irina Andreevna Russian Words in the Ossetic Speech: Corpus Observations // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2023. Issue 1 (39). P. 55-72

Ossetian (< IRANIAN < INDO-EUROPEAN) has interacted with Russian for at least two centuries, and most Ossetians are Ossetic-Russian bilinguals. The influence of Russian on the development of Ossetic vocabulary is well described (in particular, the appearance in the Ossetic lexicon of Russian words without Ossetian equivalents and their subsequent adaptation, e.g., скъола 'school' from Russian школа, стъол ‘table’ from Russian стол). At the same time, the functioning of Russian words that have Ossetic equivalents also deserves attention (e.g., больницæ instead of рынчындон ‘hospital’). This paper describes Russian words of the second type in the Ossetic speech (Iron dialect) based on the corpus of texts recorded in the village of Dargavs. The total number of Russian words in the studied texts is relatively small, but they occur regularly. In our study, we first presented quantitative data on their distribution: nouns and adjectives are the most frequent, followed by adverbs and discourse markers; verbs are less frequent. Particles, interjections, and conjunctions are rarely used in Russian; there are also few cases of interclausal alternation. Second, we have discussed the structural features of Russian words in the context of Myers-Scotton and Muysken's theories of code-mixing and code-switching. We have shown that in the terminology of Myers-Scotton's Matrix Language Frame model, islands of embedded language are common in non-single-word Russian phrases; less common are mixed (Matrix Language + Embedded Language) constituents in which Russian vocabulary is embedded in the Ossetic morphosyntactic frame; at the same time, there are very few word forms with Russian morphological markers (as opposed to "unmarked" forms). In Muysken's sense, insertion is more characteristic of the Ossetic speech than alternation, and there are no reliable cases of congruent lexicalization. The nature and quantitative distribution of Russian words show that Ossetic does not seem to be a language subject to language shift.

Keywords: bilingualism, code-mixing, corpus analysis, Ossetian, Russian

Rudnitskaya Elena Leonidovna ATTRIBUTIVE USE OF DEVERBAL NOUNS IN EVENKI // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 2 (36). P. 47-58

The paper considers deverbal nouns with nominalization markers -кӣт, -дяк, -вун. Their meaning and use are considered. The study is based on the corpus of oral stories in Evenki as well as on Evenki newspapers, and on texts translated from Russian. The focus of the study is the mechanism as to how the attributive use appears. The action -кӣт, -дяк, -вун nominalizations occur mostly in recent newspaper texts, whereas in oral stories, locative nominalizations in -кӣт, -дяк and instrumental/resultative nominalizations in -вун can be found. Nominalizations in the attributive position were also found in newspaper texts and texts of the XXI century translated from Russian. We claim that the attributive use of nominalizations under consideration was the consequence of the lack of adjectives with an abstract relational meaning, such as ‘medical’ or ‘preparatory’. The nouns in -кӣт, -дяк, -вун are morphologically nouns, and syntactically they preserve the verbal subcategorization property, and require an Accusative noun. Based on the data of the Accusative object of the verbal stem, we proposed that the -кӣт, -дяк, -вун nominalizations are phrasal (the VP consisting of the verb stem and its object gets nominalized). The nominalization markers -кӣт, -дяк, -вун are NP heads. In the attributive use, the nominalization markers undergoes further grammaticalization and semantic erosion, and becomes the attributivity marker, or relator. The relator links the predicative/attributive word (the -кӣт, -дяк, -вун nominalization) to its subject (the noun). The attributive structure emerges from the predicative structure: these two structures are considered as related and consisting of subject and predicate. To illustrate the derivations, generative grammar structures are used.

Keywords: nominalization, locative, attributive, deverbal noun, Evenki

Suleymanova Reseda Akhmetyanovna FAMILY ANTHROPONYMS FORMED FROM RELATIONSHIP TERMS // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 2 (36). P. 59-66

The article analyzes family anthroponyms associated with lexemes expressing family relationships. The study revealed a large number of surnames belonging to this group. The special majority are anthroponymic units formed by adding such terms of kinship as ata ‘father’, baba ‘grandfather’, eiən ‘grandson’, аҡai ‘elder brother’, etc. These anthroponyms are considered one of the most ancient. The high frequency of use in the book «Bashkir Shezhere» of such personal names associated with lexemes denoting kinship relations, such as Adykai, Atikey, Atagai-biy, Kuste, Mirzakilde, Mirzash, Myrzai, Myrzash Babysh, Sabai, Tenei, Tenekai (Tenkei), confirm the archaic nature of the onyms of this species. The study also proved the formation of most of the anthroponyms we are considering from lexemes with the meaning of consanguinity. In the article, for the first time, an analysis was made of the participation in the formation of anthroponyms of such lexemes with the meaning of kinship relations that are used in dialects of the Bashkir language, such as aby, aҡai ‘elder brother’, babҡai, babyҡai, dəүəтəй ‘grandfather’, tөpsөк ‘the youngest’. In the course of this study, it was suggested that anthroponyms based on dialect lexemes with the meaning of kinship are inherent exclusively in these dialects. It was also revealed that many Turkic peoples have many personal names formed from kinship terms, in particular, for example, the Kyrgyz people have many proper names with the ata component, and the name of the young dancer Kirghiz Atai is currently known.

Keywords: onomastics, anthroponyms, family onym, shezhere, kinship terms

Galieva Farida Gabdulkhaevna TRADITIONS OF HOME BREWING AND BEER CONSUMPTION ON THE EXAMPLE OF MODERN CHUVASH PEOPLE OF BASHKORTOSTAN // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 3 (37). P. 110-116

The article discusses homemade beer as a traditional drink of the Chuvash people of Bashkortostan. The aim is to study the degree of preservation of ethnic traditions related to beer in the everyday life and ritual culture of the Chuvash, and to identify changes in brewing recipes due to local natural conditions, technological and industrial developments, and the multi-ethnic environment. The research is based on previously published works, Internet resources, and field materials collected by the author. It was found that women are traditionally involved in brewing and singing songs that mention beer. Among the Chuvash of Bashkortostan, beer is consumed for thirst, energy, and health, and is also offered to the Earth as a way to bring well-being to people. While beer is traditionally prepared for various seasonal, wedding, funeral, and memorial ceremonies, it is not as widely consumed as it was in the past. However, it remains a popular ritual drink among unbaptized Chuvash (those who adhere to traditional ethnic faith) living in the villages of Yultimirovka and Akhmanovo. Traditional wooden dishes for making and drinking beer at home have been preserved. The study also discusses the establishment of the Autumn beer holiday, which is based on the traditional ritual of commemorating the deceased and is organized by local cultural figures.

Keywords: Chuvash people of Bashkortostan, brewing, brewing recipes, preservation of traditions, seasonal and family rituals

Dogadushkin Denis Mikhaylovich HOW SEMANTIC CHANGES CAN REVEAL THE ORIGINS OF THE STAVROPOL DIALECT OF ESTONIAN LANGUAGE // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 4 (38). P. 41-47

In the village of Podgornoye, founded in 1815 in the Andropovsky district of the Stavropol region, 70 descendants of Estonian settlers live to this day, speaking their language in everyday life. Several expeditions were made to this village to describe the dialect comprehensively. We recorded the narrations, songs, stories, and a dictionary of 1869 lexemes from the native speakers of Podgornoe. This dictionary is available on Lingvodok [Dictionary of Estonian dialect p. Podgornoe 2022]. In this article, the first part of this work, an analysis of semantic differences of words from the dialect of Podgornoe village compared with Estonian literary language and Estonian dialects is carried out. In order to classify the semantic differences, Estonian words were selected from 1869 words and sorted into groups. The words that also occur in the literary language are of interest but have different meanings. There were 12 such words. Then the words from the Podgorny dialect were compared with more than 250 Estonian dialects listed in the Dialect Dictionary of Estonian Language [Eesti Murrete Sõnaraamat 1994]. The analysis showed that the vast majority of words (more than 1800) in the Estonian dialect of Podgornoe village have the same meaning as in the written language. Considering that the Estonian inhabitants of Podgornoe were resettled more than 200 years ago, it is obvious that the Estonian written language is quite archaic, and the dialect of the settlers had a small number of innovations, namely eight lexemes whose meaning has no equivalent in other Estonian dialects. In one case, kɨɾ̠ ku 'height,' which occurs in the language of speakers from the village of Podgornoe, is not found in the literary dialect but occurs in both southern and northern dialects and is thus archaic. In three other cases, the innovation occurring in the village of Podgornoe is mentioned only in the northern dialects, and the word l̪ ʲol̪ l̪ us̪ 'madness' only in a dialect in the village of Laius.

Keywords: dialects, semantics, toponyms, map analysis, Estonian

Medvedev Vladislav Valentinovich ON IDENTIFICATION OF THE NOGAIS // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 3 (37). P. 128-141

The identification, self-identification and related issues represent the actual and demanded subjects of attention of modern humanitarian knowledge. The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the identity discourses among the Nogais, an ethnic group in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug of Russia. The concept of "discourse" in this context refers to the reasoning and identification processes occurring among the Nogais, and their self-awareness in action. The research was conducted using semi-formalized interviews and observations, with the aim of understanding the informants and providing an objective interpretation of their opinions. The findings reveal the full range of Nogai identities and their brief historical and cultural characteristics, including issues related to migration, population dynamics, and everyday life. The language situation among the Nogais is complex, but this is a natural process. It is concluded that the Nogai identity categories are stable. This research is valuable because it shows how language does not dominate self-awareness and identification with the Nogai ethnic group. The study's approach is based on theoretical propositions of primordialism and constructivism. Overall, this research adds to the understanding of identity and self-identification among the Nogais, and has implications for the broader field of modern humanitarian knowledge, including anthropology, ethnology, sociology, and philosophy.

Keywords: Nogais, Ugra, identity, ethnicity, population and settlement, space, northern city

Barsukov Evgeny Vladimirovich LAKES ON “THE DRAWING OF THE NARYM CITY TERRITORY” BY S. U. REMEZOV: GEOGRAPHY, ARCHEOLOGY, ETHNOGRAPHY // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 3 (37). P. 97-109

“The Drawing Book of Siberia” is a unique source on the history and geography of Siberia in the XVII– XVIII centuries written by the Russian cartographer S. U. Remezov. It contains a document called “The Drawing of the Narym City Territory”. Narym region is known for the abundance of lakes, but on this map by S. U. Remezov only 12 reservoirs of this type are recorded. The aim of the article is to analyze the localization features of these lakes on the map. The criteria for selecting specific water objects for registration on the drawing are considered, and their significance for the local population is studied. On the basis of various historical and cartographic materials, a conclusion is drawn that S. U. Remezov marked real geographical objects, which according to a comprehensive analysis of the sources can be associated with the lakes, indicated on modern geographical maps. These reservoirs played an important role in life of the Narym Territory inhabitants, and were used not only for fishing but also as cult places. It is noted that most of the water objects marked on the drawing geographically gravitate to the centers of early Russian development. This fact characterizes the specifics of S. U. Remezov's data collection and the features of the information and sources used by him.

Keywords: Western Siberia, Narym Territory, hydrographic network, lakes, S.U. Remezov, The Drawings Book of Siberia, The Drawing of the Narym city territory, archeology, ethnography

Ivanova Nina Innokentievna The ethnolinguistic identity of the youth of sakha in connection with the inclusion of the mother tongue of the youth of other subjects of the Russian Federation in the images of the future // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2023. Issue 2 (40). P. 100-113

The article was written against the need to determine the real meaning of the content of young people's linguistic attitudes in a changing reality to assess their readiness for modern challenges and threats. The results of the sociolinguistic analysis of the factors determining ethnolinguistic identity of young people from Sakha are presented in comparison with the total population of respondents from Sakha living in the city of Yakutsk, as well as with the linguistic attitudes of students (Chechens, Avars, Lezgins, Dargins, Tuvans, Buryats, Tatars) studying at the universities of Grozny, Kazan, Makhachkala, Kyzyl, Ulan-Ude. The main indicators of ethnolinguistic identity based on linguistic self-identification and linguistic competence show relative stability, while the latter is characterized by gradual spread of conversational skills. In accordance with W. Lambert's three-component model of attitudes, the affective component is the most pronounced in the structure of linguistic attitudes of the Sakha youth; the cognitive component is characterized by lability; the conative (behavioral) component is insufficiently developed due to the influence of a variety of external factors. However, the Sakha youth show solidarity with the ethnic community in preserving their mother tongue, recognize its value, and note that institutional development of the Sakha language in education is inadequate. A preliminary analysis of a survey of students in the Russian Federation revealed a high degree of integration of the concepts of "mastery of the mother tongue" and "patriotism"; however, the view of their (ethnic) mother tongue through the prism of personal attitudes is ambivalent. At the same time, the intention is expressed to use the mother tongues as often as possible in the future. The conditions of active contact bilingualism in the regions of the Russian Federation, and the variety of ambiguous extra-linguistic factors realize the purposeful activity of the ethnic community in the formation of patriotic consciousness of young people based on their mother tongue.

Keywords: Yakut language, native languages, mother tongue, youth, linguistic competence, linguistic selfidentification, ethnolinguistic identity, patriotism

Wagner-Nagy Beáta “I GO DOWNSTREAM, AND YOU GO TOWARD THE SNOWSTORM”: EXPRESSIONS OF CARDINAL DIRECTIONS IN NGANASAN AND DOLGAN // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 4 (38). P. 73-83

This corpus-based study is dedicated to the topic of spatial orientation in two genetically unrelated but geographically neighboring languages, Ngnasan and Dolgan. Nganasan belongs to the Northern-Samoyedic branch of the Uralic language family, while Dolgan is a Turkic language. The Dolgans reached the peninsula later than the Nganasan and inhabited rather the eastern part. The goal is to typologically examine the linguistic realization of the directions of the so-called compass orientation. This is a very well-known fact that many indigenous languages, including many languages spoken in Siberia, do not know compass orientation. According to Brown (1983), speakers of many indigenous languages use three or only two cardinal points, however, in many languages, the speakers do not necessarily use the names of the compass direction but apply other concepts for expressing spatial directions. Brown (1983) identifies several sources of lexemes expressing the cardinal points, such as celestial bodies, which is the most often used source. It also occurs in the Samoyedic languages, e.g. in Selkup, but as we will see, not in the closely related Nganasan. Atmospheric features such as wind, seasons, blizzards, or environment- specific features such as a mountain, forest, or tundra can be metaphorically extended, thereby acting as the conceptual source of cardinal directions. The study follows Brown's typologization and tries to classify the results into their typological categories. We will find similarities and differences between the two languages regarding the conceptual sources. Both languages rely on the so-called landmarks for orientation in the surrounding areas, such as tundra, forest, river, or mountain, but beyond that, Nganasan uses other, non-common categories as well. These reflect a connection to their way of life; thus, it can be interpreted as a culture-specific source, which in turn has its origin in the environment. In contrast, the Nganasans do not use rivers as orientation points at all, although they live partly on the same rivers. Also typical only for the Nganasan is the use of atmospheric features a conceptual source. It does not play a role in any way in the Dolgan.

Keywords: Nganasan, Dolgan, cognitive linguistics, spatial orientation

Shietova Natalia Ivanovna CHTHONIC IMAGES IN TRADITIONAL CULTURE OF THE RUSSIANS OF GORNY ALTAI: TRANSFORMATION AND LOCAL FEATURES // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 3 (37). P. 160-170

This study explores the use and transformation of chthonic images, specifically snakes and frogs, in the Old Believer tradition of the Russians in Gorny Altai. The research combines folklore materials, field observations, and written sources, which had not previously been represented in the academic sphere, and utilizes historical and ethnographic methods. Snake images are often associated with negative human qualities in various folklore genres, while frog images are associated with ugliness or slowness. These images appear in folk practices for avoiding snakes, treating snake bites and illnesses such as tonsillitis and back pain, and in riddles and handicrafts. The Christian content of these images is prevalent, but the perception of them varies among different local groups and individuals. It can range from seeing them as personifications of sin and posthumous punishment to viewing them as neutral creatures of nature. In the modern tradition of the Uimon Old Believers, the perception of chthonic images is milder than in the now extinct tradition of the Turochak Old Believers. This study represents the first time that the features of using chthonic images and their transformation in the Old Believer tradition have been analyzed and documented in such detail.

Keywords: Russians, Gorny Altai, Old Believers, images of a serpent and a frog, traditional culture, folklore

Petrov Igor Georgievich, Iagafova Ekaterina Andreevna Rituals of burial and commemoration of chuvashs in the context of prohibitions: traditions and transformations // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2023. Issue 2 (40). P. 142-150

The article deals with prohibitions in Chuvash burial and memorial rituals and the factors of their mutability in the process of transformation. The study aims to analyze the prohibitions in the context of their study as a mechanism of regulating people's behavior at funerals and commemorations and the nature of changes in the prohibitions in modern conditions. The task of the study is to examine the prohibitions that occur in Chuvash funeral and memorial rituals through the prism of such key concepts as time, space, ritual actions, the composition of participants, objects, offerings, and the stability and variability of the prohibition system under the influence of globalization and cultural modernization. The work is based mainly on the authors' original field material collected between 1994 and 2022 in various Chuvash settlement areas in the Ural-Volga region. The methodological basis of the study is understanding the prohibition system as an integral part of the socio-normative culture that regulates human behavior in daily and ritual life. As a result of the study, it was found that the subject of prohibition norms in this area can be any area of the economic, daily, and ritual life of a person, whether the time, place of action, ritual attributes, composition of participants, clothing, food, offerings, behavior. Recently, the prohibitions in this area have changed significantly regarding safety and functionality. Under the influence of the sociocultural changes of the XX – early XXI century, the scope of prohibitions has significantly decreased, and a significant part of them is no longer considered binding. This is due to the fact that in modern reality, the boundaries between the profane and the sacred have become blurred, the economic and domestic way of life, employment, and the rhythm of people's lives have changed, families have been atomized, and the transmission of cultural traditions between generations is no longer guaranteed. As a result, many prohibitions no longer play a role in people's minds. In general, the changes noted are part of the general process of transformation of ethnic culture in the context of globalization and modernization of culture

Keywords: Volga-Ural region, Chuvash, customs and rites related to the death of a person, prohibitions

Burkova Svetlana Igorevna, Denisova Elizaveta Andreevna Religious Terminology in Russian Sign Language // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2023. Issue 4 (42). P. 9-22

The article describes the religious vocabulary in Russian Sign Language (RSL). It shows that the effects of visual modality in sign languages, namely iconicity and the use of space, are clearly expressed in RSL religious terms. There is also a clear tendency to distribute the mechanisms of direct iconic representation, visual metonymy, and metaphor to different subgroups of the lexemes studied. Material objects such as priestly vestments and ecclesiastical paraphernalia are primarily described by direct iconic representation. In contrast, religious rituals, denominations, holidays, and some religious and mythological figures are primarily described by visual metonymy, where a sign is based on an iconic representation of one of its visually perceived attributes. The signs whose meaning is in some way related to the concept of spirituality are mainly based on visual metaphor. The influence of the surrounding Russian spoken language is also clearly felt in the religious vocabulary of the RSL. There are different types of borrowings: fingerspelled lexemes, lexicalized fingerspelled lexemes, initialized signs, and replication. A large number of borrowings can be explained both by the complexity of the meanings expressed and by the constant use of sacred texts written in spoken Russian in this domain. At the same time, the article shows the differences between RSL and spoken Russian in the division of the religious semantic domain. Some terms for which there are several words in spoken Russian, differing in subtle nuances of meaning or contexts of use, are expressed with the same sign in RSL. On the other hand, some meanings in RSL are more differentiated than spoken Russian when a Russian word corresponds to several signs that differ in more subtle nuances of meaning or contexts of use.

Keywords: Russian Sign Language, religious vocabulary, effects of visual modality, iconicity, metonymy, metaphor, borrowings

Zhamsaranova Raisa Gandybalovna TRIBAL NAME OF LUNIKERSKY OF THE NERCHINSK TUNGUS: PRE-ETHNONYMOUS AND PROPER ETHNONYMIC MEANINGS AND LINGUISTIC ORIGIN OF THE ONYMA // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022. Issue 3 (37). P. 42-54

The article is focused on the description of the tribal name of Lunikersky – the name of the Tungus ethnic groups living in the Nerchinsk district of the 19th century. To study its ethno-linguistic background, the author applies comparative historical linguistics and examines extralinguistic facts from documents in the State Archive of the Trans-Baikal Territory. These documents reveal information about the size of the clan and their economy, which made it possible to assume that their had more diverse life rather than reindeer herding. The tribal name of Lunikersky is ambiguous in terms of its ethno-linguistic affiliation, and the article suggests two possible meanings for it. The first possibility is that the name has an Ob-Ugric ethno-linguistic origin, as suggested by the personal tamgas-seals of the Luniker clan elders, which depict images of fish and squirrels. The second possibility is that the name is connected to the northern Samoyed lexeme for “eagle”, which is supported by linguistic and extralinguistic data. The article also discusses the ethnic and linguistic diversity of the Tungus population in the Nerchinsk district, noting that the Lunikersky may be an alloethnonym for the Tungus-Manchurian tribes of the past.

Keywords: genonym Lunikersky, Tunguses of Nerchinsk, Urulga Steppe Duma, State Archive of the Trans- Baikal Territory, eagle-totem ancestor, Nganasan language, tamga of the elder of the clan

Bukharova Gulnur Kharunovna Geographical names of mongolian origin in Bashkir toponymy // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2023. Issue 2 (40). P. 21-36

The work is devoted to the study of Mongolian place names in the toponymic system of one of the regions of the Russian Federation – the Republic of Bashkortostan. The study aims to discover in the Bashkir toponymy the geographical names of Mongolian origin to analyze their word formation structure, semantics, origin, and spatial distribution in the districts of the republic. The study is significant for the interpretation of foreign toponyms as it reveals the features of their functioning in the toponymic system of the Southern Urals. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the fact that it makes a short excursion into the study of the Mongolian layer in Bashkir toponymy and, for the first time, presents the etymology of many geographical names formed from oikonymic, oronymic, hydrographic terms, drimonims and ethnonyms of Mongolian origin and tries to systematize them. The study was conducted using descriptive, structural, and comparative-historical methods of toponym analysis, as well as ethnolinguistic reconstruction and lingua-cultural interpretation methods. The analyzed material shows that toponyms of Mongolian origin represent a small layer in Bashkir toponymy. Ethnotoponyms of Mongolian origin in Bashkir toponymy result from the intermingling of Mongolian and Bashkir tribes and clans due to the Mongol conquest. Toponyms of Mongolian origin, formed from geographical terms, characterize Bashkortostan's natural and anthropogenic landscape. Mongolian geographical names are also associated with the common beliefs of Mongolian and Turkic tribes.

Keywords: onomastics, toponymy, Bashkir toponymy, ethnotoponymy, Mongolian toponyms, etymology

Chugunekova Alena Nikolaevna Conditional Bipredicative Constructions in the Khakass Language // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2023. Issue 1 (39). P. 86-101

Based on the modern Khakass language material, this article describes the accepted structural-semantic types of bipredicative structures with the semantics of conditions. Many issues related to the description of complex sentences in the Khakass language have not yet been adequately addressed, which determines the relevance of this study. The article aims to identify and describe the structural and semantic types of conditional bipredicative constructions in the modern Khakass language. A solid selection of examples from works of fiction and folklore texts in the Khakass language served as research material. As a result of the conducted research, the author concludes that three models of bipredicative constructions with a dependent predicative unit of the condition can be distinguished in the Khakass language. The relationship between the main and dependent parts of the bipredicative constructions is established by the common Turkic conditional form =sa (and its phonetic variants) and analytic conditionals with the service word creep 'to be, to become.' Based on semantic features, conditional constructions in the Khakass language are divided into real-conditional and unreal-conditional. Real-conditional constructions are characterized by the fact that the condition in its dependent part is considered by the speaker as really feasible, and unreal-conditional constructions – as not feasible. In real-conditional constructions, the predicate of the main part is represented by the forms of the indicative, the imperative, and the optative, and in unreal-conditional constructions – by the form of the subjunctive mood.

Keywords: syntax, Khakass language, conditional constructions, bipredicative construction, real-conditional construction, unreal-conditional construction

Lidzhieva Altana Markovna Mental maps of urban space among kalmyk youth during COVID-19 // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2023. Issue 2 (40). P. 129-141

The article is devoted to the identification and structural and functional description of the features of perception of urban space during a pandemic from the point of view of studying its perception by young people. The author shows the relationships between the elements of urban space as constraints during the pandemic through the image formed in the minds of young people. The study is based on the mental mapping method developed by K. Lynch, which allows visualizing the main features of the city and its space during the Covid-19 period. The aim is to find out what image is formed in the minds of young people in relation to the spaces of the city of Elista. The study was conducted using the structural-functional method and the method of participant observation. The author concludes that the transformation of the urban space under the influence of the pandemic COVID-19 is associated with physical limitations. The image of the city is marked by old boundaries, which indicates the stability of the perception of the image of urban space, fixed in landmarks and gaining recognition in the minds of young people.

Keywords: mental map, representation, pandemic, Kalmyks, young generation, perception, city, space

Dronova Tatyana Ivanovna Regulation of Burial Practices and Funeral Laments of the Old Believers-Bespopovts of Ust-Tsilma // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2023. Issue 1 (39). P. 127-140

Using the local tradition of the Old Believers-Bespopovtsy of Nizhnepechora as an example, the characteristics of the late existence of burial and memorial laments in the Ust-Tsilemsky district of the Komi Republic are described. The study draws attention to the rather late research of baptism by folklorists. The collection of the reports was not carried out systematically by different researchers. The 1929 records were published with a commentary only in 2013 and another major publication of the texts collected in 1942 dates from 1962. The reports have been published in other collections with varying degrees of completeness. Particularly in the 21st century, there are also analytical articles. This article examines the liturgical tradition from the perspective of an ethnographic research campaign, focusing on the functioning of the genre, the place, and the role of eulogies in funeral and memorial rites at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries. The factors contributing to eulogies' introduction into traditional funeral culture are described. The ritual terminology, the stable expressions that are the names of the laments and indicate their fulfillment, and the vocabulary represented in the laments by metaphorical substitutions and epithets are given. The importance of regulating the performance of lamentations in relation to the time of day is analyzed, and the restriction of their performance to certain ages and social groups is also considered. The local peculiarity of the performance of lament songs for the deceased, who showed disrespect to some family members during their lifetime and were abusers, through the lament songs, the unkind actions and deeds of the deceased person are shown. The article was written on the basis of field materials collected by the author in different years in the villages of Ust-Tsilma, as well as on the basis of published materials and archival sources kept in the scientific archive of the Komi Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Keywords: Old Believers-Bespopovts, mourning and memorial laments, lamentations, funeral cries, folk terminology, oral narrative, ritual vocabulary

Sirina Anna Anatolievna Critical review on the E. A. Davydova reindeer Herders of Chukotka: power, kinship, relations with the state (based on materials from the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries). Saint Petersburg: MAE RAN, 2022. 316 p. // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2023. Issue 2 (40). P. 164-168

The monograph by E. A. Davydova examines power relations in the communities of Chukchi reindeer herders from the 19th to the middle of the 20th century. The author analyzes the power relations of the reindeer Chukchi in everyday life, family relations, ritual knowledge, and relations with the state. This is the first anthropological study that deals specifically with power relations among the Chukchi. The book's primary source is the unique diaries of the Soviet ethnographer Varvara Kuznetsova, who worked in the Leningrad branch of the Institute of Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the 1940s and 50s. The framework of the topic arose from the content of the diary entries, as their author held the lowest social position in the Chukchi community, and therefore power relations were involuntarily reflected in her diary entries. The success of the reviewed book was determined by a combination of several factors: a little-researched subject, unique field material by V. Kuznetsova, and a high level of analysis and interpretation by the book's author. E. A. Davydova based her study on the theoretical works of M. Foucault, E. Giddens, K. Wolfe, and other foreign and Russian scientists and on historical, ethnographic, and anthropological literature from the 19th to the 21st centuries. Due to the peculiarities of the key source, the author used micro-historical and biographical methods. The “signs” and well-known features of the Chukchi culture, such as “spousal companionship” (men concluded a friendship agreement among themselves, according to which each of them had the right to his friend's wife), hospitable hetarism, the custom of voluntary death, the custom of gender transformation, the use of hallucinogens and a number of others, the author managed to interpret them in the context of power relations and give them a new understanding. The book contains a lot of new, unique information about Chukchi ethnography in the field of household (use of space, food related to its consumption; leisure, domestic violence); social relations when kinship is considered as a resource and symbolic capital. A special chapter is devoted to Chukchi's relations with the state.

Keywords: field diaries of Varvara Kuznetsova, MAE RAS archive, Chukchi ethnography, power, kinship, relations with the state